陈钰蓉 南昌大学第一附属医院内分泌代谢科
警惕!口干,多饮,多尿,不都是糖尿病!
垂体炎包含多种类型,其中
淋巴细胞性垂体炎是其最常见的类型,是一种自身免疫性内分泌疾病,其临床表现差异较大,极易与其他疾病混淆被误诊导致患者病情延误,在临床遇到相似疾病应仔细甄别,避免误诊。
现报道1例淋巴细胞性垂体炎的诊疗经过,复习相关文献,以期加深对本病的认识,为早期甄别及诊治该病提供科学依据。
病例简介
患者男性,29 岁,主诉:口干、多饮、多尿2个月于2023年1月27日入院。
现病史:患者2月前无明显诱因出现口干、多饮(约6L/天)、多尿(具体不详),伴全身皮肤干燥,腹胀,无畏寒发热,无明显头晕头痛、无腹腹泻、 无恶心呕吐、无肢体麻木、抽搐,无体重减轻等不适症状,于2022-12-17至上海市嘉定区中医院就诊,完善相关检验检查(不详),考虑诊断为:干燥综合征?予以中药治疗后上述症状未缓解。为进一步治疗就诊于我院,门诊拟以“尿崩症”收治入院。患者自发病来,精神欠佳,睡眠正常,食欲正常,大便正常,多尿,体重无明显下降。
既往史:肝功能不全病史2月余。支气管扩张病史5月余。
体格检查:T 36.6℃,P89次/分,R 20,次/分,BP 139/91mmHlg,神志清楚,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及于湿性啰音;心率89 次/分,律齐,未闻及病理性杂音,腹膨隆,无压痛及反跳痛,肝脾未触及,移动性油音阴性,双下肢无水肿;双侧足背动脉搏动未见明显异常,生理反射存在,病理反射未引出。
实验室检查:血生化:丙氨酸氨基转移酶 85.8 U/L;天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶 47.2U/L;总蛋白 85.9g/L;y 谷氨酷转移酶 82.0 U/L;尿酸 478.9 umo1/L;总胆固醇7.47 mmol/L;甘油三酯 2.40 mmo1/L;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇5.03 mo1/L;钙 2.55mmol/L.;血渗透压 309 mosm/kg;尿渗透压 68 mosm/kg;尿比重1.015;垂体及靶腺功能:胰岛素生长因子1 (IGF-1):62. 00 ng/mL;性激素六项:血清促黄体生成素 7.19 mIU/mL;血清促卵泡刺激素 4.66mIU/nL,雌二醇 28. 90 pg/ml:垂体泌乳素 27.50 ng/mL:睾酮T131. 00 ng/dL;血清促肾上腺皮质激素 11.10 pg/ml。
禁水加压实验:
皮质醇、凝血功能、免疫球蛋白G4未见明显昇常。
影像学检查:垂体磁共振:垂体及垂体柄饱满增粗,不均匀强化,提示垂体炎可能。
心电图检查:窦性心律,部分导联T波改变;
双侧肾上腺CT、腹部泌尿系彩超未见明显异常。
➤诊断:淋巴细胞性垂体炎
➤治疗:给予醋酸泼尼松20mg bid,醋酸去氨加压素0.05mg bid治疗后好转。
知识点复习
自身免疫性垂体炎定义:是一类由于自身免疫反应引起的垂体炎症性疾病。
➤分类:根据病因可分为原发性垂体炎和继发性垂体炎。据统计,原发性垂体炎的发病率为1/900万人,原发性包括淋巴细胞性垂体炎、肉芽肿性垂体炎、黄瘤病性垂体炎、IgG4相关性垂体炎、混合型垂体炎、坏死性垂体炎;继发性包括由各种系统性疾病、其它内分泌疾病、药物、感染等引起的垂体炎。
➤淋巴细胞性垂体炎:是最常见的类型,多发生于女性,与妊娠关系较密切。
➤症状:头痛是垂体炎患者最突出的临床表现,还可伴有恶心、呕吐,甚至出现嗜睡、渴感减退等下丘脑综合征临床表现,当病灶侵犯视交叉时可引起视力下降、偏盲,向两侧生长侵犯海绵窦及脑神经可引起眼肌麻痹、眼球运动障碍等临床症状;部分淋巴细胞性垂体炎可引起垂体前叶功能减退,包括肾上腺轴、甲状腺轴及性腺轴功能异常;当垂体柄和垂体后叶功能受累时可出现中枢性尿崩症,表现为烦渴、多饮、多尿,夜尿增多。
➤诊断的金标准:是垂体活检和组织病理学检查,但由于该操作具有侵入性,在临床上可根据临床表现、实验室检查及影像学检查进行诊断,此外若患者使用糖皮质激素治疗有效亦可以佐证垂体炎的诊断。
本例患者以尿崩症症状就诊,完善禁水加压实验后结果符合中枢性尿崩症,睾酮降低,垂体泌乳素升高,在冯杰等人的文章中亦提到淋巴细胞性垂体炎患者可表现为垂体泌乳素升高,这可能与垂体柄受压导致抑制性下丘脑多巴胺能信号中断有关,完善垂体磁共振显示垂体及垂体柄饱满增粗,不均匀强化,提示垂体炎可能,根据患者临床表现及相关检验检查考虑诊断为淋巴细胞性垂体炎。
➤治疗:自身免疫性垂体炎病程有反复缓解与复发的特点,治疗目标是缩小病变体积,减少压迫症状,避免纤维化及不可逆垂体功能减退、替代缺乏的激素等。缩小病变体积首选治疗为糖皮质激素,不敏感者可加用免疫抑制剂治疗,对于有急性且进行性加重的视神经受压或颅压增高的患者及其他严重颅内占位患者可进行外科手术治疗,若免疫治疗和手术治疗无效或反复复发的患者,可考虑放射治疗,但目前放射治疗疗效不确定。对于垂体功能受累患者应对其补充相应激素替代治疗。本例患者诊断为淋巴细胞性垂体炎后给予醋酸泼尼松20mg/次,每日2次,醋酸去氨加压素0.5mg/次,每日2次,患者用药后取得明显疗效,进一步验证了患者可诊断为淋巴细胞性垂体炎。
➤鉴别诊断:淋巴细胞性垂体炎临床症状较多,不具有特异性,需与多种其他疾病鉴别。该患者以口干、多饮、多尿入院,首先应与常见病糖尿病、肾性尿崩症相鉴别,但该患者血糖未见异常,且无糖尿病其他临床症状可排除糖尿病;本患者无肾脏病史,肾功能未见明显异常,不考虑肾性尿崩;故考虑中枢性尿崩症,鞍区病变可导致尿崩症的疾病以垂体瘤及颅咽管瘤较为常见。颅咽管瘤影像学上垂体及垂体柄多表现正常,而淋巴细胞性垂体炎影像学表现为垂体柄增粗,伴有弥漫强化,故本例患者排除颅咽管瘤;垂体瘤多表现为垂体功能亢进,影像学上垂体柄很少增粗,而淋巴细胞性垂体炎表现为垂体功能减退,影像学可表现为垂体柄增粗,所以本例患者不考虑垂体瘤。
总 结
淋巴细胞性垂体炎临床表现多样,容易漏诊、误诊,其诊断金标准是病理活检,但大部分病人难以接受这种方式,而临床诊断仍缺乏公认统一标准,诊断时需根据患者临床表现、检验检查等综合判断,目前对于该病的最佳治疗方法尚无明确共识,还需要更多的临床研究为该病的诊治提供更多的证据,激素和手术治疗是目前主要治疗手段,但应注意制定个体化治疗方案,同时要兼顾疗效和安全性。本病例报道了一位淋巴细胞性垂体炎患者的入院诊治经过,希望能够对淋巴细胞性垂体炎的诊断及治疗做出进一步指导。
参考文献
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#1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, 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rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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