撰文 | 宋文法
近年来,禁食成了科学界的新宠,禁食已被证明可以减肥和延长动物寿命,事实上,越来越多的研究表明,禁食有许多健康益处,改善代谢健康,预防或延缓年龄增长带来的疾病,甚至可以减缓肿瘤的生长。
间歇性禁食通常分为三类,一是每日限时进食,每天进食8小时,其余16个小时禁食;二是所谓的“5:2间歇性禁食”,即每周有规律的吃5天,另外2天少吃;第三种是隔日禁食。尽管多项研究表明禁食有许多健康益处,但尚不清楚限时禁食对健康的长期影响,包括心血管疾病死亡风险、全因死亡风险等。
2024年3月18日,上海交通大学医学院、斯坦福大学的研究人员在《美国心脏协会流行病学和预防 | 生活方式和心脏代谢健康科学》会议上发表了一篇最新研究,研究结果将发表在《美国心脏协会杂志》上。
这项研究分析了间歇性禁食的长期影响,与每天12-16小时的典型进食时间窗口相比,那些遵循16+8禁食的人,心血管疾病的死亡风险增加91%,患有心脏病或癌症的人心血管死亡的风险也增加。此外,16+8禁食并不能降低全因死亡风险。
在这项研究中,研究人员分析了美国国家健康和营养检查调查(NHANES)数据库中超过20000名成年参与者,平均年龄为49岁,男女比例约为1:1,通过饮食问卷形式收集了参与者的饮食模式信息,分析了16+8限时饮食模式对健康的长期影响。
在平均8年的随访期间(最长为17年),共记录了2797人死亡,其中840人死于心血管原因。
研究发现,将每天进食时间限制在8小时内的人更有可能死于心血管疾病,与每天12-16小时的典型进食时间窗口相比,那些遵循16+8禁食的人,心血管疾病的死亡风险增加91%。
此外,患有心脏病或癌症的人心血管死亡的风险也增加,与每天12-16小时的典型进食时间窗口相比,每天进食时间在8-10小时的心血管疾病患者,死于心脏病或中风的风险增加66%。
对于全因死亡风险,与每天12-16小时的典型进食时间窗口相比,16+8禁食并不能降低全因死亡风险,与寿命延长无关。
有趣的是,对于癌症患者,每天进食时间超过16小时,与癌症死亡率较低相关。
表示,我们惊讶地发现,遵循8小时限时饮食的人,更有可能死于心血管疾病。尽管这种饮食方式因其潜在的短期益处而广受欢迎,但研究清楚地表明,与每天12-16小时的典型进食时间范围相比,较短的进食时间与寿命延长无关。限时饮食可能会带来短期好处,但也可能会产生长期不利影响。
研究人员补充到,对于患有心脏病或癌症的患者来说,了解8小时进食窗口与心血管死亡风险增加之间的关联至关重要。研究结果鼓励对饮食建议采取更加谨慎、个性化的方法,确保它们符合个人的健康状况。
尽管如此,研究人员强调,虽然研究结果发现了8小时进食窗口与心血管死亡风险增加相关,但这并不意味着限时饮食会导致心血管死亡,不能表明其因果关系。
研究人员还强调了这些研究的局限性,参与者的饮食模式是自我报告的,可能存在记忆偏差,除了进食时间和死亡原因之外,其他可能对健康产生影响的因素也没有纳入分析中。
指出,未来需要更多的研究,来探讨限时饮食与不良心血管结局之间关联的生物学机制。
综上,这项研究分析了16+8禁食对健康的长期影响,结果表明,那些遵循16+8禁食的人,更有可能死于心血管疾病。
值得一提的是,2023年4月3日,美国西奈山伊坎医学院、哈佛医学院的研究人员在"
Immunity "期刊上发表了一篇题为"
Monocytes re-enter the bone marrow during fasting and alter the host response to infection
"的研究论文。
研究显示,长时间禁食会改变宿主对细菌感染的免疫反应,可能不利于抵御感染,增加患心脏病的风险。小鼠模型研究首次表明,长时间禁食会引起大脑的压力反应,从而对免疫细胞产生负面影响。
论文链接:
https://newsroom.heart.org/news/8-hour-time-restricted-eating-linked-to-a-91-higher-risk-of-cardiovascular-death
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.024
声明:本文如实解读文献,不构成任何建议。
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