又是一年春天,都说春季是孩子长高黄金期,要把握时机,让孩子长高高。
一说长高,很多家长首先就想到了补钙、买钙片吃。但目前市场上钙片种类多种多样,有几块钱一瓶的,也有几百块钱一瓶的。
问题来了:这些价格相差这么大的钙片,到底有什么区别呢?到底买哪种好?购买钙片时,应该注意什么呢?
图/孟健
普通人缺钙
会增加骨质疏松的风险
钙是我们人体中重要的营养成分。它参与人体骨骼的形成、骨组织的重建,还起到维持神经肌肉的正常兴奋性,同时参与调节和维持细胞功能、维持体液酸碱平衡、血液凝固、激素分泌等作用。
在人体内,99% 的钙主要储备于骨骼和牙齿,其余 1% 的钙作为血钙成分循环于血液中,以蛋白结合钙或离子钙的形式存在。
普通成人如果钙摄入不足,会增加骨质疏松、佝偻病、骨软化病的风险。对于孕妇和哺乳期的妈妈来说,影响会更大。尤其处于生长发育关键时期的青少年,对钙的需求量更高[1]。
根据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2023)》的建议,普通成人及孕妇、乳母的每日推荐钙摄入量为 800 mg;9~18 岁青少年的每日推荐钙摄入量则是 1000 mg。
年龄
每日推荐
钙摄入量/mg
0~0.5
200
0.5~1
350
1~4
500
4~7
600
7~9
800
9~18
1000
18 岁及以上
800
孕期女性
800
哺乳期女性
800
根据最新的数据,我国居民钙摄入量的中位数为328.3 mg/天,不足率为 94.3%[3]。也就是说,我国居民中绝大多数人通过饮食,每日的钙摄入量是不足的。在饮食不足的前提下,适当补充钙片是有益健康的。
2 块和 200 块的钙片
到底有什么区别?
我们在超市、药店或者网上可以看到各种各样成分的钙片,无论包装多么的炫酷,都只有三类:有机钙、无机钙、螯合钙。
1. 无机钙
无机钙主要包括碳酸钙、氯化钙和磷酸钙等。无机钙最大的特点就是便宜,而且含钙量高,但是它的消化需要消耗大量的胃酸。所以胃功能不太好、有胃病或者长期胃酸的朋友会有恶心和不适的反应的人应避免选择。
2. 有机钙
有机钙包括柠檬酸钙、醋酸钙、乳酸钙,还有葡萄糖酸钙、枸橼酸钙等。有机钙的吸收不需要胃酸的参与,虽然含量不如无机钙,但更容易被人体吸收。
3. 氨基酸螯合钙
螯合是一种生产技术。氨基酸螯合钙,则是指每两个氨基酸分子与一个钙离子通过螯合技术,将其螯合在一起,这样做能提高矿物质的吸收利用率,其特点是重量轻、易溶解、易吸收,吸收率高[4]。
不管是廉价的钙片,还是高价的钙片,它们的核心成分是一样的,对补钙的效果也没有明显区别的。大家在选择钙剂的时候,并不用太在意它的化学形式。
有研究采用同位素稀释技术对柠檬酸钙、乳酸钙、醋酸钙、牡蛎壳粉、蛋壳粉和 β-磷酸三钙这 6 种钙剂的生物利用度进行了分析。结果发现,柠檬酸钙、乳酸钙和醋酸钙等有机形式钙的真正吸收率和生物利用度都很高,差异并不大[5]。
要注意的是,人体对钙的吸收会受到很多因素的影响。比如植酸、草酸、鞣酸可与钙结合为难溶性复合物,减少钙的吸收;如果缺乏奶制品的高纤维膳食,钙的吸收也受到影响。
因此,补钙时不要与富含植酸、草酸、鞣酸、高纤维膳食同时进餐,同时可适当补充维生素 D、维生素 K2 有助于钙的吸收。
另外有些钙片,比如氨基酸螯合钙、添加了维生素 K2 等。相比其他的钙,吸收率确实高一些,但如果价格太贵,大家也不用过于执着。因为虽然吸收率高了,但身体也吸收不掉太多。
整体来说,人体对钙的吸收率随年龄增长而下降,通常情况下,选择普通钙片就足矣。
1.钙片的钙含量真的越高越好吗?
先说答案:当然不是。
有些高价钙片会说自己“钙含量高,补钙效果更好”,如每粒含钙 600mg。但其实,钙片的剂量越高,吸收率反而可能下降[6]。
有研究指出,补充剂的吸收率在 500mg 或以下时最高,人体可以吸收 300mg 钙剂量的约 36% 和1000mg 剂量的 28%[7][8]。
另一方面,钙片吃多了反而有害。过量补钙不仅可能会导致肌力松弛、便秘、恶心等不适,还会干扰锌、铁吸收,造成锌和铁的缺乏。严重的过量钙摄入还可出现高钙血症、高钙尿症,导致肾结石、血管钙化,甚至引发肾衰竭等。
2.进口的钙片真的更好吗?
先说答案:就补钙效果而言,进口钙片质量不一定比国产的好。
有些高价钙片会说自己是“美国补钙专家”“精选全球50个最佳钙源”“经过严格的纯化工艺,按 FDA 标准在美国生产的钙剂”等等。其实,影响钙片质量的关键是生产厂家是否偷工减料,与进口和国产关系不大。
大家只要在正确渠道购买,无论进口还是国产,通常都是没有问题的。所有在我国上市销售的正规钙片产品,都必须符合我国的标准要求,只要是检测合格的钙片,在质量方面都是有保证的。
总的来说,我们在购买钙片时,应选对的,而不是一味地追求贵的。
如何保证摄入足够的钙?
从天然食物中补钙是最理想的。如果每天摄入足量奶制品、大豆制品、蔬菜、坚果等富含钙质的食物,是可以让我们获得足够钙的,也就不必另外吃钙片。
那么,如何保证自己摄入足够的钙呢?
1
均衡饮食,尽量吃够奶和奶制品
奶和奶制品是补钙的最佳选择。根据《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔(2022)》的建议,成年人的奶和奶制品每日推荐量为 300~500 g。
不过,我国多数居民都存在奶和奶制品摄入不足的问题,目前我国人均奶制品消费量不到50克/天,只有欧美的十分之一。根据《中国居民膳食指南科学研究报告(2021)》,奶类摄入不足是我国居民钙摄入不足比例较高的主要原因。
图/孟健
2
奶和奶制品吃不够,适当补充钙片
在饮食摄入钙不足的情况下,建议大家适当补充钙片。
对于胃功能正常、消化吸收正常的人,建议首选碳酸钙,因为它不仅含钙量高、吸收率也不低,而且安全性好、性价比高。
对于胃功能不好、萎缩性胃炎患者、或是消化功能较差的老年人等,因为缺乏胃酸,若服用碳酸钙这类无机钙将不利于钙的吸收,可优先选择柠檬酸钙等有机酸钙的产品。
另外,吃钙片时,一定要注意适量。为了获得最佳吸收,每次吃的量都建议不要超过500毫克。对于需要多吃的情况,建议在医生或营养师指导下分多次食用。
3
注意补充维生素 D
过度防晒是中国人维生素 D 不足的重要原因之一。现在的补钙产品中都会添加维生素 D。维生素 D 能帮助钙的吸收或利用,两者同时服用,有助于降低骨质疏松症发生的风险。如果补钙产品中没有添加维生素 D,建议单独吃维生素D。
参考文献
[1] 秦锐.中国儿童钙营养专家共识(2019年版)[J].中国妇幼健康研究,2019,30(03):262-269.
[2] 中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2023)
[3] Huang F, Wang Z, Zhang J, Du W, Su C, Jiang H, Jia X, Ouyang Y, Wang Y, Li L, Zhang B, Wang H. Dietary calcium intake and food sources among Chinese adults in CNTCS. PLoS One. 2018 Oct 1;13(10):e0205045. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205045. PMID: 30273413; PMCID: PMC6166981.
[4] 菅凌燕,何晓静,肇丽梅等.复方氨基酸螯合钙的人体吸收及其生物等效性[J].中国医院药学杂志,2009,29(12):983-986.
[5] 鲍善芬,W.Windisch,M.Kirchgessner.同位素稀释技术比较六种不同钙剂的生物利用度[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2007(06):377-380.
[6] Calcium - Consumer (nih.gov)
[7] Institute of Medicine SCotSEoDR, Intakes,. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1997.
[8] Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Barger-Lux MJ. Absorption of calcium as the carbonate and citrate salts, with some observations on method. Osteoporos Int 1999;9:19-23.
文章首发科普中国,未经许可,请勿转载。
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#576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(225, 119, 25, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(0, 125, 187, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, 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#8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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