6600万年前，小行星撞击地球，导致当时包括恐龙在内的全球75%（或以上）的物种从地球上消失，这被称为“白垩纪-古近纪灭绝事件”或“K-Pg灭绝”。那么，另外25%的幸存者是谁？它们如何逃过这次天崩地裂的大灾难？
大灭绝提供的多种死法
当一颗巨大的小行星撞击到地球上时，发生的一切都超乎人类所有的想象。这颗飞弹撞击地球时释放的能量是击中日本广岛和长崎的原子弹的10亿倍，产生的连带效应让生命几乎无法存活。
如果你不巧待在能看到撞击的地方，你会在撞击发生的那一瞬间死亡；也许你离案发现场比较远，那么接下来的地震会让你葬身大地，这次撞击引发的地震相当于最近160年里地球发生的所有地震的总和那么大；如果你还活着，一场超过300米高的巨型海啸将会把你吞噬；如果你还没死，一场风速近1000千米/时的风暴会将你甩到天际。
其实许多生物还是躲过了撞击最初的连环灾，但它们却会在灾难后续的煎熬中九死一生。撞击产生的灰烬或碎屑遮天蔽日，太阳不见了踪影，地球进入了完全没有白天的黑暗寒冬。几个月过去后，天稍稍亮了，却下起了酸雨，导致植物枯萎、死亡，动物难以呼吸。当这一切渐渐好转，撞击释放的温室气体又开始蒸烤大地。即便没有被剧变的气候摧毁，生存资源在灾难下也变得稀缺，动物们之间的资源和领地争夺战异常激烈，它们每天都面临着严酷的生死决斗。
死亡中的幸存者
即使在这样狂暴的灾难中，仍然有动物找到了某种方式，奇迹般地存活下来。今天生活在地球上的许多生物就是当时幸存者的后代。让我们看看动物们用什么方式打开了自己的生存之路。
缩小身材来避险
今天的蜻蜓翼展大约15厘米宽，但在3亿多年前，最早的蜻蜓翼展可达70厘米。在白垩纪富含氧气的湿地环境中，大个蜻蜓可以帮助身体吸收到足够多的氧气。然而，当大灭绝发生之后，空气和水的含氧量都变低，为了适应这种变化，蜻蜓变得越来越小。小没关系，活下来的就是胜利者。
保命就靠住得偏
当生存资源异常匮乏时，鸭嘴兽和鳄蜥因为栖息地远离主要大陆而生存下来。
鸭嘴兽是一种卵生的哺乳动物，当灾难来临时，许多动物四处寻找新的生存空间，而澳洲与主要大陆以海相隔，生活在此的鸭嘴兽避开了竞争，安逸地生存至今。鸭嘴兽的模样自大灭绝事件以来几乎没有变化，是一种“活化石”。
鳄蜥也与鸭嘴兽一样幸运。鳄蜥是一种绿棕色的爬行动物，最长可达80厘米，寿命可达100多年。它们只生活在新西兰，目前只剩下两个种类，总共大约5万只。而在2亿年前，鳄蜥的祖先遍布全球，最后只有新西兰的鳄蜥生存了下来。
名不虚传的不死之虫
蟑螂是打不死的小强，它们3.6亿年前出现在地球上，身形有现在蟑螂的两倍大。它们能在非常严酷的环境中生存，而且具有超强的繁殖能力，平均每只雌蟑螂在大约180天的生命历程中可以产下约150只幼虫，而且在极端环境下，即使没有雄性，雌性也能产卵。因此，蟑螂经历了数次大灭绝事件而毫无减少，至今仍成群地生活在你我身边。
不挑食很重要
鲎(hòu)是另外一种“活化石”，至少经历了四次灭绝事件。鲎与蝎子和蜘蛛一样属于节肢动物，它的血液是蓝色的。它几乎能够以任何有机物为食，这可能是它没有灭绝的重要原因；同时，它蓝色的血液在遇到细菌时就会凝固，这可以帮它对抗细菌感染。
不急不忙的水中生存高手
海龟和甲鱼是分别生活于海水和淡水中的水生龟，这两种爬行动物顺利度过了这次大灭绝。龟的新陈代谢速度很慢，这使它们即使在食物稀少的环境中也能生存；当天气寒冷时，它们会去冬眠；当天气炎热时，它们还会在泥里挖个洞夏眠。
水生龟幸存的另一个重要原因就是它们生活在水中。实际上，大灭绝发生时，包括陆地龟在内的近90%的陆地动物都灭绝了，而水中生物，尤其是淡水生物还几乎能照常生活，海洋物种消失了一半，淡水生物只消失了10%～22%。水体像一个防护罩，缓解了灾难带来的各种冲击。
藏在洞中的哺乳动物
白垩纪的哺乳动物们，几乎都是些小型的、老鼠似的动物，生活在地洞中，以昆虫、微小爬行动物和大型捕食者的食物残渣为食。地洞使它们避免了灾难的直接袭击。而在灾难造成的黑暗期中，恐龙等大型动物的灭绝给生态系统留下了很大的空缺，哺乳动物便趁机占据了这些空缺，快速繁衍和进化，很快就遍布了全球，演化成了非洲象、北极熊、蓝鲸等。
有研究显示，包括人类在内的所有灵长类的祖先——一种像狐猴的动物，自恐龙灭绝之前就已经存在，并且挺过了这次灾难，最终进化成了现在的猕猴、黑猩猩、大猩猩，以及人类。
大灭绝时，为什么淡水比海洋更安全？
这次灾难使全球温度骤降，水体结冰，水中氧气减少，海洋环境平时没有这么大的变化，海洋生物无法适应这种骤变；但较寒冷地区的河流、湖泊每年都要经历结冰期和氧气减少的时期，使淡水生物进化出了适应这些变化的特性。同时河流和湖泊有恒温的地下水给予补充，也减小了水体的温度变化。
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.6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 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rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: 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