近日,在美国心脏协会举办的“流行病学与预防│生活方式和心脏代谢科学会议”上,有科学团队报道了一项初步研究结果(只公开了论文摘要部分):备受追捧的间歇性禁食法之一,即所谓的8小时限时饮食法,不仅不延年益寿,还会导致因心血管疾病死亡的风险增加91%。
该研究之一、上海交通大学医学院流行病学与生物统计学系主任
钟文泽
表示:“近年来,限时饮食法被视作减肥和改善心脏健康的好方法,越来越受欢迎,然而,它对健康的长期影响,包括因全因死亡风险和心血管疾病风险,尚不明确。”
限时饮食法
的践行者需要将每日进食时间限制在特定时段内,这个时间窗口可短至4小时,长达12小时。根据专家说法,许多践行者遵循8小时限时饮食,即要在8小时内完成一整天的食物摄入,并在余下16小时里禁食。过往研究发现,限时饮食可改善多种心脏代谢健康指标,例如血压、血糖和胆固醇水平。
钟文泽团队的颠覆性发现来自对人群饮食及健康信息的大规模分析。他们回顾了2003年至2018年间参与美国国家健康和营养检查调查
(NHANES)
的约2万名成年人的饮食模式信息,并将其与来自国家死亡指数
(NDI)
数据库的2003年至2019年末美国死亡人数数据进行比较。结果表明:
坚持8小时限时饮食的人因心血管疾病死亡的风险比普通人高出 91%。
患有心脏病或癌症的人因心血管死亡的风险更高。
心血管疾病患者如果将每天进食的时间窗口限制于8~10小时,其因心脏病或中风而死亡的风险可能增加66%。
限时饮食并不能降低全因死亡的总体风险。
癌症患者的每天进食时间窗口若超过16小时,其癌症死亡风险可能更低。
注:2万名参与者平均年龄为49岁,性别比大约1:1,其中73.3%为非西班牙裔白人。随访期的中位数时长为8年,最长达17年。
钟文泽表示:“我们惊讶地发现,遵循8小时限时饮食计划的人竟更有可能死于心血管疾病。尽管这种饮食方式因其潜在的短期益处而广受欢迎,但我们的工作清楚表明,相较每天12~16小时的典型进食窗口,更短的限时计划无益于延长寿命。”
对于患者,尤其是那些心脏病和癌症患者来说,了解 8 小时限时饮食法与心血管死亡风险升高之间的关联至关重要。我们的研究结果鼓励人们对饮食建议采取更加谨慎、个性化的方法,确保它们符合个体健康状况和最新科学证据。当然,尽管研究发现8小时限时饮食与心血管死亡风险升高相关,但这并不意味着限时饮食会导致心血管死亡事件。”
钟文泽等人的工作也存在局限性。例如,它基于受访者自我报告的饮食信息,其客观性和准确性值得商榷,而且可能难以用于准确评估典型饮食模式。此外,除每日进食时间和死亡原因外,其他可能影响健康的因素未被纳入分析。
研究团队指出,未来的工作可能是揭示限时饮食法与心血管不良事件之间关联的生物学机制,以及验证相关发现是否适用于世界各地、不同族裔的人群。
斯坦福大学医学教授克里斯托弗·加德纳
(Christopher D.Gardner,未参与工作)
点评道:“总体而言,此项研究表明限时饮食可能带来短期好处,却不利于长期健康。后续如果能看到完整的研究结果,看到更多分析细节,那就更有意思了,也会很有帮助。”
根据多位专家的发言,该发现还有一些疑问:
例如,那些被归为8小时限时饮食群体的人究竟是主动践行还是被迫如此,倘若被动,那么他们可能是因健康相关问题而不得已采用特殊饮食习惯,而此类人群的健康风险就需要更多维度地分析。
又例如,食物获取渠道受限可能导致一些人被迫限时饮食,而这方面问题本身就与健康风险相关——如果一个人吃的食物就不健康,再谈论限时饮食法的影响就有些矫情了。
正如钟文泽自己所言,目前他们只发现8小时限时饮食与心血管死亡风险升高相关,但无法证明前者就是后者的原因。
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body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: 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#fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-YELLOW: #ffc300;--weui-GREEN: #91d300;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #95ec69;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-DEFAULT-ACTIVE-BG: #e6e6e6}.wx-root,body{--weui-DIALOG-LINE-COLOR: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BG-COLOR-ACTIVE: 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#373737}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-6: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: 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174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}.rich_media_content em{font-style:italic}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content 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