巨大的盐库

海洋是地球水资源的故乡，但海水让口渴者望而却步，因为它含有大量且种类丰富的盐，尝起来又苦又涩又咸。

科学家做过估算，海洋中所有盐类的总重量达到了5亿亿吨。人类厨房中的必备品——氯化钠（食盐的主要成分），是海水诸多盐类中最主要的一种。氯化钠在海水中的平均含量有3.5%左右，但不要小看这区区的3.5%，如果把全世界海水中的氯化钠全部提取出来，平铺在陆地上，那将会有120多米厚。除了氯化钠，海洋中还含有氯化镁、碳酸镁、氯化钾、氯化钙以及其他各种金属元素的盐类，它们的平均含量只有氯化钠的三分之一，但提取出来，平铺在陆地上，也会有40米厚。

所以，海洋是名副其实的“大盐库”。

盐分的来源

那么，海洋中的盐是哪儿来的呢？其实，海洋一开始并没有多么盐。原始地球的海水源自于冰质彗星，水质还是挺“纯”的，它的味道应该像农夫山泉一样可口。

不过，地球上的水总是在不停地运动，不停地循环。每一天，海洋都会有大量的海水蒸发到空气中，这些水蒸气升上天空，溶解大气中的二氧化碳，变成微酸的雨滴降落到陆地的每一个角落。“酸雨”喜欢侵蚀岩石、冲刷土壤，将溶解的矿物质和金属离子（包括氯离子和钠离子）带进江河中，而江河之水最后又都进入大海。就这样，蒸发掉的水分绕了一圈，再次回到自己的海洋老家，但它却带来了很多陆地上的盐分。根据美国国家海洋和大气管理局的数据，雨水每年会将大约2.25亿吨盐注入海洋，而海洋盐分的90%都是由“雨水循环”贡献的。

“雨水循环”并不是海洋盐分唯一的来源，海底火山和深海热泉也在默默做着“付出”。海底并不是完好密封的，在地壳的裂口处，海底会出现火山和热液喷口——海水沿裂隙向下渗流，受岩浆热源的加热，再集中向上流动，形成了喷发的热泉。当新鲜的熔岩从海底的火山中涌出时，热的岩石与咸海水发生反应，会溶解其中的一些矿物质；热液喷口则会直接将含盐的热液灌注到海水中。

数十亿年的周而复始，日积月累，海洋中的盐分越积越多，海水也就越来越咸了。既然海水中已经含有那么多盐分，而且盐分还将绵绵不绝地进入海洋。那么，海水会不会没有限度地“咸”下去？

动态的平衡

如果海洋没有减少自身盐分的方法，结果肯定会这样。但科学家发现，海洋有各种能降低海水含盐量的奇妙方法，使海水处于动态的平衡之中。

首先，化学将会起到重要的作用。一方面，随着雨水将盐分注入海洋，海水中可溶性物质的浓度会越来越高。当盐分的浓度达到饱和后，根据化学知识我们可以知道，过饱和的盐分将会析出、结晶或者相互结合成不溶解的化合物，然后沉入海底，变成岩石。另一方面，海底熔岩会与溶解的盐离子(比如镁离子)发生反应，将它们从水中移除，海底某些粘土和含氢矿物（比如铁锰结核）就是通过海底盐类发生的热化学反应形成的。

其次，海洋生物也有助于从海水中去除盐分，它们从水中摄取或以其他方式提取盐，而这些盐分可以与有机生物体结合在一起。比如，壳类动物产壳所依赖的物质就来源于海水中的硅盐和钙盐；大量动物食用盐类后，这些盐类会以大便的形式排泄，落入海底，成为海底沉积物的一部分。

第三，我们还是要提一下水循环——这也是“还盐归地”的一种最直接的方法。雨水虽然将盐分通过河流送入海洋，但当台风季节降临时，狂风巨浪也会把海水卷到陆地上，溶解的盐分也随海水上岸，散布在沿海陆地。尤其在经历漫长的历史变迁后，有些海湾地带，由于地壳的升高而与海洋隔断，成为内陆。于是，这部分的海水逐渐被蒸发掉，留下大量的盐类物质。

另外，河流中的淡水、融化的冰川等也为海洋提供了稳定的淡水，有助于降低盐度。如今，随着全球变暖，极地冰川融化，注入海洋的淡水越来越多。所以，相比较于海水变咸，“海水是否变淡？”反而成了更让科学家们关注的问题。

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