塑料已经彻底改变了我们的生活。
从包装食品、瓶装水，到塑料袋、化纤衣物、眼镜、洗面奶……各种塑料遍布人类周围，日常丢弃的垃圾中一次性塑料制品也占了大半。
这些塑料最后都去了哪里？
早在 2004 年，《科学》期刊就有一篇论文提出：漂浮在海洋中，那些越碎越小的塑料，最终会破碎成微米至纳米级的微粒，进入生态循环。
直径 1 微米至 5 毫米的塑料颗粒叫微塑料，1 微米以下的纳米级塑料微粒叫纳米塑料。这两种塑料微粒的特性比较相似，常被合称为「纳微塑料（nano/microplastics, NMPs)」。
如今，在塑料制品风行人类社会 50 年后，这些塑料微粒已经遍布水、空气和土壤，正常吃饭、喝水甚至呼吸都难免摄入。
微塑料，已经无处不在
当塑料微粒足够小，它们就能随空气、食物和水一起，被吸收进入人体组织。
2020 年，美国化学学会报告称，已经在人类的肺、肝、脂肪组织、脾和肾中检测到了微塑料。
微塑料和纳米塑料还能够通过血脑屏障，进入大脑。学者将具有纳米塑料微粒的水溶液喂给小鼠，发现不到两小时，这些微粒就出现在了小鼠的脑中。
2 小时后小鼠大脑中就检测到纳米级塑料颗粒。箭头指示的绿色荧光为纳米塑料颗粒
图片来源：参考文献
今年 2 月刚发表的一项研究检测了人类胎盘（胎盘屏障是人体最强大的保护屏障之一），发现 62 个胎盘样本中全部检测出了微塑料，浓度范围为每克组织中 6.5～790 微克。
如此无处不在，微塑料和纳米塑料也算是「深入人心」了。
最新研究首次证实
微塑料与人类疾病有关联
不过也先别慌，存在不代表有害。
和其他成千上万种微粒一样，微塑料和纳米塑料不会造成急性致命的毒性后果——否则现在地球上就已经没人了。
但这些塑料微粒是真的会对人体造成伤害，还是只是「酒肉穿肠过」，不会带来什么实质性影响，现在的研究还相当不清楚。
之前有少量动物研究显示，持续暴露在纳米级的塑料微粒中，可能会带来神经毒性，增加炎症、神经系统疾病以及神经退行性疾病的风险。
就在前几天，权威期刊《新英格兰医学杂志》发表了一项研究，首次证实微塑料和纳米塑料与人类疾病死亡风险之间存在一定的联系。
这个由意大利团队开展的研究，对 257 名完成了颈动脉内膜切除术的患者进行了解剖学角度的观察。
科学家们在堵塞了患者颈部血管而被切除的斑块中，找到了微塑料的踪影。而且斑块里的塑料微粒越多，患者最后的情况就往往越差。
电子显微镜下的斑块和微塑料颗粒
图片来源：参考文献
研究对这些患者在手术后进行了平均 34 个月的随访。结果显示，斑块中发现了微塑料颗粒的 150 名患者中，有 30 名（20%）发生了心脏病、中风或全因死亡。
而在 107 名未检测到塑料的患者中，仅有 8 名（7.5%）遭遇了类似的结果。
虽然目前的研究对于「塑料微粒是否有害」仍尚无明确结论，人类想要搞清楚微塑料对我们的影响还需要很长的时间，但近几年发表的研究或许是一个提醒：
对微塑料不必恐慌，但可以更谨慎一点。
想少「吃」微塑料
有三个小技巧
一个令人沮丧的事实是，人类已经被塑料微粒包围了。
从上世纪 90 年代塑料工业崛起至今，人类已经累计生产了 100 亿吨塑料，如今每年新生产的塑料高达 4 亿吨。
即使人类从现在开始集体停用塑料，环境中的微塑料也将继续增加。如今出现的微塑料大部分来自 40 至 50 年前的塑料产品，而估计到 2050 年，随着更多存量塑料降解出来，微塑料将是现在的 3 倍。
那我们就彻底没办法了吗？
也不是。近期有研究显示，一些生活习惯的改变，能够有效帮助减少微塑料的摄入。
01
水烧开再喝，微塑料减少 80%。
常用的自来水处理技术通过反复的过滤和沉淀，已经能够减少 70%～90% 的微塑料。想要进一步让水中的微塑料含量降低，可以：喝凉白开。
一项来自中国团队的研究证实，把水烧开再喝，真能让塑料微粒大大减少，背后原理来自于令人讨厌的水垢。
饮用水分「软水」和「硬水」，其中硬水由于钙镁离子含量比较高，烧开后会在水壶上留下水垢。这些水垢在形成过程中会包裹住塑料微粒，变成沉淀物，让水中的含「塑」量大大降低。
研究发现，对于尺寸在 0.1 至 150 微米之间的三种塑料微粒（聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯），煮沸硬水（碳酸钙含量大于每升 120 mg）可以去除至少 80% 。
对于水比较「软」的地区，煮沸消除法虽然不如对硬水那么有效，但也能去除约 25% 的塑料微粒。
塑料瓶装水则是反例。
无论矿泉水和纯净水怎样净化，最终都要用塑料瓶装，目前的灌装技术无法避免微塑料的产生。每瓶 1 升装的瓶装水中，约含有 24 万个纳米塑料和微塑料颗粒，其中 90% 是纳米塑料，10% 是微塑料。
02
少用塑料容器和纸杯加热食物、装热食。
例如常见的塑料水杯、一次性水杯（内壁会「镀」一层塑料膜）等，倒入热水后就会释放出微塑料颗粒。初始水温越高，杯中产生的纳米级塑料微粒就越多。
与纸杯装热水相似的场景还有微波炉。
食品打包盒、食品袋、保鲜膜等，在装有酸性食物并微波加热的时候，也会释放出微塑料颗粒。
如果介意微塑料，喝咖啡可以自带保温杯，少用保鲜袋、塑料盒装食物放进微波炉加热，宝宝的奶瓶不要选择塑料材质。
03
尽量少吃海产品的内脏。
每年生产的塑料中约有 10% 最终成为海洋环境中的碎片，估计仅海上漂浮着的塑料制品就超过 5 万亿件，总重量超过 25 万吨。
在不断的风蚀水侵下，这些塑料成分也越来越碎、越来越碎、越来越碎……
在「大鱼吃小鱼」的作用下，从浮游生物、鱼虾蟹贝到大型掠食鱼类，微塑料随着食物链不断富集到更大的个体体内。
目前认为较为容易富集微塑料的食物包括海鱼的内脏和腮，贻贝等少数海鲜品种，以及海盐。
不过，一般人吃这些东西的总量并不会很大，正常饮食的情况下不用怕。
目前来看，微塑料和纳米塑料颗粒并不会造成严重的急性损伤，但它沉积在人体内，到底会有哪些潜在的慢性影响，还需要科学家们继续研究。
对于我们来说，生活中无法完全避开塑料，不必因此过于焦虑，但可以更注意一点。
减少一次性塑料制品的使用、增加回收利用，是每个人可以为环保与健康出的一份力。
本文审核专家
孙亚飞
清华大学化学系博士
参考文献
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Drinking Boiled Tap Water Reduces Human Intake of Nanoplastics and Microplastics
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：ZYing | 策划：feidi | 监制：王姐
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#fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: #000;--weui-FG-HALF: #000;--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .42);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #dc3636;--weui-ORANGERED: #d14730;--weui-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-YELLOW: #bb8e00;--weui-GREEN: #4f8400;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #2e8800;--weui-BRAND: #018942;--weui-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-INDIGO: #0075e2;--weui-PURPLE: #6265f1;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(225, 119, 25, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(0, 125, 187, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-YELLOW: #ffc300;--weui-GREEN: #91d300;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #95ec69;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-YELLOW: #ffc300;--weui-GREEN: #91d300;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #95ec69;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-DEFAULT-ACTIVE-BG: #e6e6e6}.wx-root,body{--weui-DIALOG-LINE-COLOR: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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