一块长10厘米的三角形黑色岩石上，黄白色的条带弯曲成“之”字形优美的线条，像是一段黄河的剪影印刻在黑色的石头上。“九曲黄河万里沙，浪淘风簸自天涯”的诗句不由地从记忆中调出。这块来自北极斯匹茨卑尔根群岛的褶皱标本，目前珍藏于成都自然博物馆（成都理工大学博物馆），是地质学家解开北极斯匹茨卑尔根群岛在地质历史时期秘密的钥匙。
一段卧冰爬雪的奋斗史
都说人生是曲折的，而曲折也是一种美。曲折的美在褶皱这种地质构造中有了最完美的诠释。这块来自北极的褶皱还记录着中国科学家在北极地区一段卧冰爬雪的奋斗史。
褶皱是岩层受到地质应力作用发生弯曲的现象。单个褶皱称为褶曲，其基本形态分为背斜和向斜。背斜呈现出上拱的弯曲，核部（中心区）为老地层，两侧为新地层；与之相反，向斜呈现下凹的弯曲，核部为新地层，两侧为老地层。褶皱不仅是地质学家揭开地质演化史的重要材料，也诠释了曲线美的内涵——目前绝大多数高大山系都是以褶皱构造为主，很多的油气藏都保存在背斜中。
野外看到的褶皱，可以明显看到一个向斜连着一个背斜 供图/尹超
这块来自北极的褶皱全名是“千枚岩夹薄层石英岩强烈褶皱形变”，它是成都地质学院（现成都理工大学）找矿系普通地质教研室的老师竺国强于1983年6月从北极带回祖国的。在北极，他和他的研究团队都经历了什么？这块标本又能揭开北极的哪些秘密呢？
时间倒回到1981年6月，竺国强被公派到美国威斯康星大学地质与地球物理系作访问学者进修学习，导师是时任美国地质学会构造地质委员会主席和美国极地考察委员会主席的克拉达克教授。1981年10月，竺国强向导师表示了愿望。克拉达克是个风趣而认真的科学家，在等待赴北极考察的日子里，他常常打趣地对竺国强说：“现在你去北极的可能性是百分之五十”，过了一段时间，又说可能性增加到百分之五十一。为帮助他实现赴北极考察的愿望，克拉达克教授向挪威北极研究所所长引荐了这位中国学生。
北极斯匹茨卑尔根群岛自然景观
1982年7月17日至9月12日，竺国强怀揣着祖国期望，参加了由导师克拉达克教授领导的为期59天的北极科学考察。此次考察目的是根据板块学说，考察斯匹茨卑尔根群岛西海岸复杂的地质构造及其演化历史。
到岛上不久，克拉达克教授因事离开了海岛，竺国强与一名台湾女研究生组成“中国组”，和另外两名美国研究生组成的“美国组”，共同成立了四人考察队。他们分别在两块相邻地区考察，相约若有意外情况，就鸣枪呼救。斯匹茨卑尔根群岛是北冰洋中的一块陆地，在这里开展科学考察工作的环境十分艰难——极昼现象会让人生物钟错乱，黑白颠倒；即便是北半球的盛夏时节，考察区仍然是寒风凛冽的严冬；岛上的天气就像婴儿的表情一样，一会儿开心就晴空万里，一会儿不开心就阴云密布或者大雨倾盆。
此外，岛上的山非常陡峭，山坡上铺满了风化的碎石，碎石伴着积雪，一碰就会下滑，非常危险；在平地上到处是冰河、沼泽、湖泊、泥潭、流水，一不小心就可能掉进重重陷阱之中。考察队员没有交通工具和辅助工具，生活用具、装备、食品全靠徒步行走，自己搬运。队员们穿着长统雨靴，在薄冰上小心翼翼地走过，翻越一座座冰川，小心谨慎地渡过沼泽，考察时常需要爬上覆盖着碎石的陡坡，危险的情况总会时不时的发生，有时候还会面临北极熊的威胁。
充满危险和挑战的极地工作
褶皱揭秘北极地史
北极位于地球最北端，它的神秘成为很多地质科学家想要揭秘它的原因。1827年，挪威地质学家开尔浩首次在北极化石较丰富的沉积岩地区——熊岛和西斯匹茨卑尔根考察。1866年瑞典地质学家瑙滕斯科特命名了斯匹茨卑尔根群岛上出露的岩层为“海克拉霍克组”。1940年，挪威地质学家奥尔文总结了斯瓦尔巴的地质发展历史。1969年由马歇尔主编并出版的《北大西洋地质和大陆漂移》研究了板块构造学说。从1827年到20世纪80年代，虽然历经一个半世纪，北极斯匹茨卑尔根群岛的地层划分与对比、构造形变与解释仍然是地质学家心中难解的秘密。
极光照耀下的北极
——
远处是强烈变形的岩层
当时，国际地质科学家研究北极地史成因主要使用的是研究沉积岩的理论和方法，研究后得出的结果是——北极近乎水平排列的岩层属于正常地层层序，即老的地层在下面，新的地层在上面。但在实际的勘察过程中，竺国强观察和采集的标本更多的是浅变质的沉积岩。经过对比研究发现——岩石内的矿物成分发生了不同程度的重新结晶，但是原来岩石的沉积构造依然保持了下来；不同时期发生的强烈变形产生的褶皱叠加在一起，导致局部地区的原来构造发生了改变。面对新的课题，竺国强没有循规蹈矩地按照导师或者权威专家的意见进行科学研究，而是根据实际采集和收集的资料，在对地层划分时，结合岩石构造开展对比研究——这种研究方法称为“构造地层学方法”，是竺国强在中国国内研究地层时新创立的研究方法。
“构造地层学方法”从局部地质构造入手，通过对比研究寻找和确定岩石原来的构造特征，判断岩层的新老关系（岩层的顶底关系），从而恢复局部构造形态；然后，通过综合对比不同剖面地层资料建立起区域的地层层序；最后，利用新的地层层序恢复区域构造轮廓。
通过北极斯匹茨卑尔根群岛的地质科考，科研工可以从一些小区域的浅变质岩层的地层层序入手，通过相邻区域地层的对比，岩石构造所呈现的方向、形态、变化，区域地层特征等的研究，揭开了北极地质发展的历史：北极有几条呈北西向的大型断裂带，这些断裂带是北极地质历史的“主导演”，这些“导演”活泼、能量巨大、时不时的举行大型“演出”，使得北极的褶皱构造丰富多彩，早期的褶皱呈现出下老上新的地层构造，后期褶皱则是多期褶皱的叠加，导致强烈形变后呈现为肠状构造。这就是这块标本告诉我们的北极演化的历史。
时光匆匆地走过40多年，一刻不曾停留。随着技术的不断进步，现代科学家们有了极地科考船，去极地科考的条件和安全性比当年好很多。21世纪初，在北极斯匹茨卑尔根群岛，我国建立了第一座北极永久考察站——黄河站。然而北极还有很多秘密等待着我们去揭开，而老一辈地质学者孜孜以求的探索精神像永远闪耀在天际的极光，将照亮新一代科研人员探索地球之路。
转载仅代表观点
不代表中科院地质地球所立场
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