随着地球人口的增加，人均可分配的资源越来越少，其中一项必需的生存资源——淡水同样在变少，沙漠面积越来越大，越来越多的地区极度缺水。不过，地球是一个“水球”，与陆地相比，海洋的面积更大，理论上说，我们是不缺水的。只是海水很咸，我们不能直接使用，如果有办法将海洋中的盐全部提取出来，现状会不会变好呢?

　　缓慢取盐没问题

　　其实，在一些缺水的沿海国家，就正在使用反渗透膜或海水蒸馏等方法将海水中的盐分离出来，制取可以饮用的淡水。假如我们将这些技术扩大到全球，理论上是可以将海洋中的盐都提取出来的。但是，如果将这些盐都提取出来，会发生什么事呢?

　　如果缓慢地提取食盐，也许不会发生什么坏事，因为海水原本也是淡水，是用了十几万年才变咸的。最初海水中所含的盐分很少，甚至是淡水。而现在的海水中含有很多盐，是因为陆地上岩石、土壤中的盐分受到雨水的浸洗溶解，流入河流，最终流入海洋，经过天长日久地水分蒸发，盐分逐渐积累起来，海水也慢慢地越来越咸。

　　因此，如果我们缓慢地提取盐分，陆地、河流也会不断向海洋中流入盐分，这并不会对海洋盐度造成严重影响。而且，海水盐度的轻微变化对海洋生物的影响也不大，许久之后，也许海洋生物对盐度的适应范围会变宽，会变得适应淡水环境。

　　无盐海洋大变样

　　不过，如果骤然将海盐全部取出，事情就糟糕了。

　　科学家通过计算发现，平均每升(1升=1立方分米)海水含有35克盐，全球海水总体积约为13亿立方千米，这样理论上我们可以提取到4.55×1016克盐。这是什么概念呢?如果我们将这么多的盐均匀地撒在地球的所有陆地上，将可以铺出相当于40层楼高的盐层!这么多盐不仅会给我们带来储存危机，更重要的是，失去了这么多盐，海洋可受不了。

　　海底地层比陆地地层要薄，但是下方能量一点不少，不断喷发的海底热泉就是一例。如果海洋骤然失去这么多盐分，势必无法压住下方蠢蠢欲动的地层，到时海底地震和火山活动会更加剧烈，对沿海地区的影响增大。

　　此外，海啸和台风的频率和强度也会增加。由于淡水密度较小，海水变淡后整体水面的高度会下降，与陆地和冰盖的高差增加，从而在沿海地区和北欧、北美等高纬度地区引发强度极高的海啸。同时，淡水海洋热量传导减少，热带地区发生的飓风强度更高，在飓风的加持下，海啸也会更大。

　　当被炎热的太阳照射时，表层海水会蒸发，含盐量少，底层海水盐分更高，密度增大，密度的差异导致海水流动。水的运动是洋流产生的一个重要因素，洋流会通过热传导来影响气候，来自赤道的暖水流向高纬度地区，而来自高纬度地区的冷水能够给低纬度地区降温，这样地球上的气候变得更加温和。如果从海洋中带走盐分，缺少了海水上下层的密度差，洋流就会消失。同时，低温时海水更加容易结冰，进一步减少了海水的流动。到那时，炎热的地区会变得更热，寒冷的地区则变得更冷。

　　生灵涂炭的世界

　　不止海洋会大变样，陆地同样如此。

　　大部分海洋生物为了适应咸水的生活环境，从而进化出了一套独特的渗透压系统，如果海水淡化，可能导致海洋生物内外渗透压不平衡，而使得其体内水分大大增加，甚至因为水分过多而爆体而亡。

　　因为不能运动，海洋植物首先受到海水淡化的影响而大量死亡，这将使地球的碳循环发生毁灭性的崩溃。海洋植物的光合作用强度是地球上发生的光合作用的一半，光合作用在为我们的星球提供氧气方面起着至关重要的作用，同时吸收了大量的二氧化碳。如果没有了海洋植物，我们不仅会获得更少的氧气，而且海洋中储存的二氧化碳也会被一下子释放出来，使大气的碳氧平衡瞬间被破坏。

　　海洋动物也会大量灭绝。大多数鱼只能忍受很窄的盐度范围，并且对它们居住的水中盐分水平的任何变化都非常敏感。这些鱼被称为狭盐鱼类，比如只能生活在淡水环境中的金鱼、只能存在于盐水中的金枪鱼等。金枪鱼的细胞盐浓度很高，若是将其放入淡水中，水会因为浓度差而进入金枪鱼的细胞中，它们会因为大量吸水而死亡。还有一些海水鱼可以生活在淡水中，但只能在咸海水产卵，比如北美鳗鱼和欧洲鳗鱼。因此，海水忽然变淡会使得这些生物无法生存，这对整个海洋的生物圈会造成重大的打击。如果海洋生物大量死亡，尸体被分解产生的二氧化碳也会对大气造成严重负担。

　　生物灭绝的惨状也可能发生在陆地上。温室效应的加剧将使地球变得酷热难耐，而极地却可能因为失去洋流变冷，许多植物会因为气候的变化而死去，继而使整个食物链崩溃，大多数物种都会死亡，甚至包括人类。

　　所以，无论如何缺水，千万不要试图大范围且快速地淡化海水。

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