阿里云创始人、中国工程院院士 王坚
2023年,在阿里云栖大会上,阿里云创始人、中国工程院院士王坚说,人工智能和云计算的发展现在走到了一起。云计算和GPT的关系,将像是电和电动机,模型将会像智能时代的电动机一样,消耗掉云计算提供的大多数算力。当那一天来临,意味着诸多由模型驱动的新业态出现。
最近,在与《中国电子报》记者沟通的过程中,王坚说,当前中国的云计算发展,正面临着一个机遇点:“人工智能给了我们一次机会,要么就赶上了,要么差距会更大。”
云计算要“三位一体”地发展
在王坚看来,人工智能给中国云计算的发展带来了“第三次浪潮”:第一次浪潮,出现在十年前,出现了以Netflix、米哈游为代表的云原生企业,中国的云计算业务在这个阶段起步,但由于国内市场成熟得太慢,便落后于海外;第二次浪潮,出现在传统企业采用云计算之时,但并没有将中国的云计算拉上正确的发展轨道;第三次浪潮,正发生在当下,由生成式人工智能带来机遇。
“算力、云计算、人工智能”,要把握好这次机遇,王坚提到了三个关键词,“不能把这三者拆开来看,这三件事情一定要三位一体地来搞”。
算力是基础,GPU等板卡就像是“砖头”,搭建起算力所需的基础设施;云计算提供的是组织服务能力,把“砖头”提供的算力调动起来;大模型(人工智能)提供最终落地的可能性。找到真正消耗算力的场景,这是发展云计算最重要的环节。
在王坚看来,当前社会上对“大模型”的定义有些宽泛而含混,大模型事实上需要分五个层面来理解。首先是基础模型训练,即如何用万卡集群把一款模型训练出来,这是最消耗算力也是最考验技术能力的环节。第二是模型调整,在通用模型的基础上,调出适用于个别行业或垂直领域的模型。第三是应用模型,可不基于通用模型,而是由其他类型数据训练得来。第四是模型应用,也就是将大模型用到千行百业,很多时候人们常把模型的应用当作是在开发大模型,这是非常不严谨的看法。第五是将模型变成一类服务,并应用到用户那里。
在理解大模型的五个层面中,前两个环节对算力的需求是最高的。但随着用户数量的增长,模型应用过程中所需的算力可能将超过模型训练所需。“如果一个国家应用模型的算力成为主流,那么我们的产业就成形了。”王坚说道。
要用“云计算的思路”发展云计算
王坚留给记者最深的印象,是他思考事情的关注点:他不担心产品卖不出去,而最担心产业发展不完备。
记者见到王坚时,阿里云战略发布会召开不久,那次会上,阿里云宣布全线下调云产品官网售价,平均降价幅度超过20%,最高降幅达55%。于是,“为什么降价,是否在通过降价寻求突破”,是记者提给王坚的第一个问题。
关于降价,王坚否认了“搞价格战”的推测。他坦言道,降价说明成本低到了一定的程度。但他同时也肯定了,中国云计算的确正受到挑战。
从全球来看,中国企业在云计算行业拥有的市场份额还非常有限。根据2023年第四季度营收排名,全球云计算企业前三强分别为亚马逊、微软、谷歌云,三家企业共占据全球66%的市场份额。阿里云以全球4%的份额居于第四位。
“这个挑战在于,我们没有形成欧美那样成熟的市场。”王坚说,“这很可惜,我们的起步不晚,阿里云提供云服务并实现规模服务的时候,微软还没有找到云计算的发展路径。”
王坚认为,现在海外厂商迎头赶上并与国内拉开差距,其实与国内云计算的发展思路存在偏颇有很大的关系:国内许多号称的“云计算”并不是真正的云计算,很多服务器采用的还是传统的运营方式。
王坚说:“当前国内可能仅仅有20%~30%的服务器,是真正按照云计算的思路来提供服务的,此外还存在大量传统的服务器。”云计算要最大化地发挥作用,就要作为一种公共服务存在,而不是卖服务器。就像Open AI 与微软的关系一样,Open AI需要的,也不是计算板卡,而是微软提供的云服务。
在当前市场需求面前,服务器的系统硬件架构需要发生很大的变化,甚至要重新定义。王坚曾在接受采访时说,要让整个数据中心成为云计算时代的一台计算机,实现严格意义上的云计算。而现在,就是把数据中心变成计算机最好的时候。
产业发展不应该“贩卖焦虑”
“算力”,是云计算“万丈高楼”的起点。有足够的高算力的板卡才有机会做大模型训练等工作。由于地缘政治的种种原因,国内的高算力板卡的存量和增长与国外存在很大的差距。
全球云计算排名第一的头部企业亚马逊云曾透露,亚马逊云服务器上所用的由NVIDIA A100、H100提供的算力有3000E FLOPS,且将每个季度增加1000E。这对于我国的算力储备而言是个天文数字。
虽然从算力储备而言,我国与国外发达国家之间存在较大的差距。但王坚认为,不要“泛化焦虑”。因为,相对于我们要做的事情而言,当前算力的“砖”是够用的。他打了个比方,把模型训练比作写小说,把我国具有的算力比作笔记本。“写个长篇小说,一本笔记本是不够用的。但是当前写字的速度还远远没达到笔记本准备的速度。当把一本笔记本用完的时候,新的笔记本也就到了。”王坚说道。
我国的算力,从长远来看存在缺口,但短期来看,是能够满足模型训练所需的。
芯片的先进制程卡脖子?在算力基础设施的储备上,王坚有不同的看法:“当前GPU的发展逻辑本质上还是在堆料,不论是用什么工艺,都是在堆料。既然如此,我们找更有效、可行的方式堆,也是能达到目的的。”
期待创新的应用出现
今年全国两会期间,在2024年全国政协会议的小组会上,王坚再次讲到了米哈游的案例。
这是一家从诞生开始,就把业务建在云上的云原生公司。2022年,米哈游主营业务收入达到273.4亿元,净利润161.45亿元。当谈及米哈游的成功,王坚有掩饰不住的兴奋。因为这是在云计算技术的基础上生长起来的全新业态。
而在云计算基础上的产业创新,是王坚最想看到的。
他时常把云计算与电的出现作比较。一来,他认为云计算应该变得像电一样易得,变成一种公共服务;二来,可以在此基础上衍生出诸多新业态。
他曾经在阿里云栖大会上展示20世纪最伟大的20项工程技术成就,其中排名第一的是电气化,剩余的十九项,多多少少得到了电气化带来的便利。他特别期待着在云计算的基础上,会有多种多样的创新应用衍生出来,在此后十几年,甚至几十年的时间里被发明出来,带来新的增长机会。
“这个世界永远不需要贝多芬第五交响曲,直到贝多芬创作了它,现在我们不能没有它。”这是王坚最喜欢的一句话。
这句话应该理解为:世界上很多东西,对很多人来讲都是不需要的,直到他们被创造出来。
和王坚交流的最后,记者问:下一个“米哈游”何时出现?
“我也很期待。”他说道。
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.1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-weight:400;font-size:16px}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content *{max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box!important;word-wrap:break-word!important}
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