循迹 · 用文化给生活另一种可能
主讲:赛艇队长
策划:赛艇队长
:马戏团长
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最近俄乌战场好久没有新动静了,可能是教皇觉得这里太缺少关注度,就发表了一通争议言论,大概意思就是希望乌克兰为战争妥协。此举自然是遭到了乌克兰人的一片骂声,从泽连斯基到乌克兰外交部官员,全都表示跟俄罗斯人没什么好妥协的,而这也是自打俄乌战争爆发以来教皇第N次引发拉偏架的争议了。
◇ 相关新闻截图
如果把目光放大一点,自从教宗失去光环以来,他们就一直在寻求中立与妥协,为此他们也引来了不少争议。
自打宗教改革开始后,教宗的地位就一路走低,虽然此时教宗内部也有一些世俗化改革的呼声,但由于保守势力过于强大,导致自身还是没能放弃用中世纪那一套管理教皇国,通过宗教来控制世俗生活,并时不时给别人扣上一顶异端的帽子。
到18世纪末教皇的好日子彻底结束,随着拿破仑的一鸣惊人,教皇国位于意大利半岛外的全部领地都被法军吞并。几年后拿破仑又率军入侵意大利,罗马城沦陷,教皇国也顺势被连锅端了,等拿破仑称帝连教皇本人都得到巴黎给他加冕。
◇ 在拿破仑加冕仪式上,拿破仑根本没有教皇庇护七世低头的意思,反而从庇护七世手里接过王冠,自己给自己带上,然后再从教皇手里接过皇后的王冠加冕给约瑟芬 图为雅克·路易·大卫油画《拿破仑加冕》局部
经过拿破仑战争的摧残,教皇的统治地位可以说摇摇欲坠,等到1848年欧洲爆发大革命,革命者看着教皇咋看咋不顺眼,一个早就被去神化的老头,凭什么还高高在上的被人供着?
其实此时的教皇庇护九世也意识到的这些问题,他开始有意的进行一些改革,比如说发展实业、废除对犹太人的歧视政策、赦免政治犯,不过归根到底它还是改革,和革命相比还是太保守了,尤其是意大利革命要统一全国,想统一自然是要把教皇国从地球上抹掉,考虑到天主教徒虔诚的信仰,意大利政府拿走了教皇国所有土地,只留了一座梵蒂冈,然后承认教皇神圣不可侵犯,严禁任何人进攻梵蒂冈城。
◇ 图为庇护九世
教皇庇护九世意识到,教宗世俗权力的崩溃已成定局,于是他逐渐让天主教会放弃世俗权力,只以精神领袖的身份去影响世界。
到20世纪初爆发了第一次世界大战,正赶上教皇本笃十五世刚刚上任,赶上了有史以来人类参与过最大规模的战争,他也不知道该怎么办,只能一遍一遍的发表演讲,说这是欧洲文明的自杀。他恳请所有人看在上帝的份上停战,各国政客没人买他这个情,人们已经被这场民族主义战争蒙蔽了双眼,所有要求停战的行为,都可以视为和本民族为敌。
◇ 图为教皇本笃十五世(1855年11月21日—1922年1月22日,在位期间:1914年5月3日—1922年1月22日),意大利人
于是教皇的呼吁没人听不说,还让他本人遭到进一步折辱,德国民众就宣称“拒绝由教皇带来的和平的侮辱”,法国总理克莱蒙梭更是直接痛斥其“任何和平倡议其底色都是反法的”,暗指教皇拉偏架。此时教皇仍然不放弃努力,1914年12月7号本笃十五世呼吁各国政府哪怕是不停战,签一份暂时性的休战协议也行,至少也要在平安夜圣诞节这几天别开枪,这份倡议毫不意外的被各国官方予以拒绝。
但是消息很快传到前线,蹲在战壕里的士兵早就厌倦了看不到尽头的战争,同盟国和协约国的前线士兵都自发的在圣诞节这几天主动停火,并走出战壕相互分发礼物,这是残酷的一战中唯一带有一丝温暖的瞬间。
◇ 一战交战国士兵在圣诞节这天庆祝节日
在外交倡议失败后,本笃十五世将重点放在减少战争造成的恶劣影响的人道主义努力上,例如照料战俘、协调交换受伤士兵和给战争难民运送粮食。到战争结束时,梵蒂冈处理了大约 60万封信件,其中近三分之一与失踪人员有关,大约4万名生病战俘得以遣返,还向他们的家乡送去了 5万多封信。
◇ 以纪念教宗本笃十五世为国际和平所做出的努力,土耳其穆斯林在伊斯坦布尔为其树立雕像
而且他的和平演讲也不是白费功夫,本笃十五世提出了七点倡议,后来这七点倡议影响了美国总统威尔逊,在巴黎和会中威尔逊提出的维护世界和平秩序的“十四点原则”就是以教皇的七点倡议为蓝本,感念于教皇为和平的努力,他去世后,土耳其的伊斯兰教徒为他竖立雕像,纪念他是“全人类的保护者,无分国籍与信仰”,说明这位教皇对人类做出的贡献确实大,连异教徒都认可。
◇ 图为庇护十一世
在间战期间教皇庇护十一世与墨索里尼签订《拉特兰协议》,创立梵蒂冈国家,保证罗马教廷拥有完全和独立的主权,教皇承诺永远中立,这项条约到今天也继续生效,这也是现在教廷必须要中立的法律依据。
在二战快要爆发的1939年4月,时任教皇庇护十二世就宣布了一项和平计划,希望在战争边缘的欧洲大国之间进行和平谈判,只不过这次谈判中教皇没法发表任何立场性声明,否则就有悖于自己中立的身份。后来就算德国入侵波兰了,庇护十二世也只敢谴责战争而不是国家,不过他倒是私下向波兰大使表示过“我支持你们,只是这个身份没法明说”。
◇ 图为庇护十二世
整个二战期间,因为自己的身份和德国意大利的淫威,教皇始终没对这两个法西斯国家进行过多谴责,但对于德国人对犹太人的屠杀,教皇则不遗余力的保护犹太人,通过外交手段将几十万犹太人转移到安全区,还提供快速通道,让犹太人最快皈依天主教,以避免被迫害的政策。等到1944年罗马被盟军光复,犹太人派出代表第一时间前往梵蒂冈表达对教皇的感谢,教皇则回答说:“我唯一的遗憾,是未能拯救更多的犹太人。”
◇ 图为教宗保罗二世
在冷战期间,教皇也在恪守中立,没有对北约和华约的任何一方进行偏袒,在冷战末期1979年,来自波兰的教皇保罗二世访问家乡,首都华沙市中心的广场上,保罗二世举行了大型弥撒,几百万民众从附近蜂拥而入,波兰万人空巷。保罗二世在十字架前诚恳的说,求圣灵降下来,更新这片大地!
后来不久圣灵果然显灵了,一年以后瓦文萨组织团结工会抗议物价上涨,到1989年团结工会成为执政党,瓦文萨成为波兰总统,这也标志着东欧剧变拉开帷幕,后来瓦文萨自己还强调是受到了教皇的感召,才有的后来这些故事。
今天这位教皇一向都是亲俄的立场,在2014年俄国吞并克里米亚的时候教皇没有呼吁停火,相反还在2016年会见了莫斯科的东正教大牧首,完成世纪大和解。在俄乌战争爆发后,按照教皇的原则,他们不表态或者只谴责战争不谴责任何一方才是常态,而现在这位在这样的时候提到让乌克兰学会妥协,有点拉偏架的意思,就表现来看比那几个前任不知道要低到哪里去了。
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.1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content *{max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box!important;word-wrap:break-word!important}
div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}