1908
年1
1
月1
4
日,光绪帝驾崩;第二天,慈禧太后也驾鹤西去,大清的最高权力陡然间出现真空。
一时间,风起云涌,权力的交接成为首要问题。
▲慈禧
有一个很有意思的说法,清朝的建立是摄政王与孤儿寡母,清朝的灭亡也是摄政王与孤儿寡母。
清朝入关时,摄政王是多尔衮,孤儿寡母指的是顺治帝和孝庄太后;
清朝灭亡时,摄政王是载沣,孤儿寡母指的是溥仪和隆裕太后。
从表面上看,慈禧的权力应一分为三:
最正统的是溥仪,他是传承下来的皇帝,皇位很稳;
最有权力的是摄政王,摄政的名号给了他权力;
最幕后的是隆裕太后,毕竟慈禧太后已经给她打了样。
▲隆裕太后(右一)
封建王朝,权力分散并不是好事,皇权集中才是正确发展道路。但可惜的是,溥仪过于年幼,在退位的时候还是个孩子。而载沣和隆裕太后两人的能力有点平庸,都看对方不顺眼,但是谁也干不掉谁。远远不及多尔衮和孝庄太后。
所以,慈禧的部分权力差不多被二人平分了。
▲溥仪、婉容
但是,也正是由于二人的平庸,让慈禧的权力很大一部分分散到皇室之外。一是地方将军与督抚,朝廷对其约束力非常弱;
二是北洋集团的袁世凯,由于慈禧不在,已经开始蠢蠢欲动。
当然,这都是咸丰慈禧夫妇时期埋下的伏笔,当时太平天国崛起,富庶之地大片丧失。八旗、绿营战斗力几乎归零,火器营、锐健营这种特种部队也基本废柴。所以,无奈之下,咸丰将权力下放,允许地方搞团练,以曾国藩为首的地方督抚崛起。
▲李鸿章
在1
900
年时,慈禧太后还在世,地方督抚已经有点不乖了,但是还没到敢独立的程度。当时慈禧太后向十一国同时宣战,几乎囊括了所有大国。地方督抚一看老太太疯了,便暗中弄出了“东南互保”。
两江总督刘坤一、湖广总督张之洞、两广总督李鸿章、闽浙总督许应骙、四川总督奎俊、铁路大臣盛宣怀、山东巡抚袁世凯,与慈禧太后宣战的那些国家达成协议,保持中立关系,拒绝宣战。
他们称皇室诏令是义和团胁持下的“矫诏、乱命”。慈禧的面子被卷得有点过于褶皱。不过,后来慈禧也收拾他们了,收回了地方上的部分权力。
载沣在摄政之后,尽管也推行了一系列的巩固权力措施,比如招纳贤才收归吏权,设立禁卫收回兵权,还进行了一系列“倒袁”的措施。
但载沣能力一般,又没有隆裕太后的支持,在皇室里面的威望都不是很高,就更别提在朝堂之上了。
他的命令经常出了紫禁城就变了味。原本是想集权,结果他安排的执行者,都为了自己利益胡乱揽权,让清末乱局更加不可收拾。
也让载沣的权力进一步被架空。
在对待北洋集团上,原本载沣想咔嚓掉袁世凯,但政治水平远逊于慈禧,既没有手段,也没有魄力,只是以袁世凯“足疾”为由,没收了表面上的权力,让其回家休息。
但北洋的权力依然被袁世凯拿捏得死死的,载沣一套组合拳下来,基本没啥效果。
▲袁世凯
综上,在慈禧太后去世后,她的权力表面上一分为三,分给了年幼的皇帝溥仪、摄政王载沣和隆裕太后。但是慈禧不在之后,地方督抚彻底不受朝廷约束,北洋集团也已经做大。
参考资料:《清史稿》、《清实录》、《摄政王载沣》、《我的前半生》。
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