隐秘的三国(10)
董卓废帝专政,袁绍袁术曹操感觉不妙,立刻出逃。
地球人都知道,像袁曹这样在社会上有极高威望的人,无论跑到哪里,登高一呼,那支持者绝对大把大把的。所以董卓决定在路上干掉这三个人,为此不仅下达了悬赏通缉令,而且密探啊刺客啊大把大把的派,舍不得孩子套不着狼。
曹操一看自己的“标名肖像”贴的全国各地到处都是,知名度进一步提升到了妇孺皆知的程度,心里也不知该欢喜还是忧,于是改名换姓、变易容貌,专挑乡间小路,一路向东,展开了一场如伍子胥奔吴般惊心动魄的逃亡。
赶了好几日路到成皋,曹操已是人困马乏,忽想起自己有个老朋友叫吕伯奢的住在这里,他家应该可以放心留宿,于是主动上门拜访,结果一敲门发现老吕不在,而吕家五个儿子曹操全不认识,他们虽然热情迎进曹操,但曹操心里直打鼓。
怎么办?成皋乃洛阳东面门户虎牢关所在、董卓重兵把守之地。可千万不能在这里泄露了行藏,曹操是走又不好意思走,留又留的很勉强,正不知所措,吕家五个儿子带领家丁们做一件事儿(注1),让草木皆兵的曹操确认自己处于极度危险之中,于是横下心肠,一口气手刃击杀数人,连夜逃离。
伍子胥一夜白头,曹操一夜杀人,过关不好过啊!
凄迷的夜色中,曹操策马狂奔,眼泪被风吹着向后飞洒,心头一股凄怆凝结不去,道不尽的自责与无奈,口中只得咬碎钢牙:“宁我负人,毋人负我……”
这就是曹操,一辈子在负我、负人之间纠结,终究未能通脱,原来早有阴影。
双手一旦沾满鲜血,只有再见,我的青葱岁月(注2)。
曹操如惊弓之鸟,又连赶了好几日路,来到中牟县。过了中牟县境,就是自己好兄弟陈留郡太守张邈的地盘(注3),再加把劲就安全了!
可惜,曹操这把劲没撑住,还是在一个亭长的盘查下泄露了行藏,被群乡兵绑送到县衙关押起来。曹操长吁短叹,觉得自己龙游浅水,竟在一个亭长手里翻了船,真丢死人也。
此时曹操的悬赏通缉令早已发到了中牟,面对这条肥的流油的大鱼,县功曹(县属吏,主管人事及其他政务)富贵不能淫,认为值此乱世之秋,实不宜拘天下雄俊,何况是自己一向仰慕的偶像曹操,于是劝说县令将其释放。
这一段经典桥段后来被《三国演义》大加演绎了以后,在民间广泛流传,甚至还被改编成了著名京剧“捉放曹”。但根据《三国志·任峻传》的记载,这位中牟县令并不是《三国演义》里说的陈宫,而是叫杨原;而这位不知名的功曹则很可能就是后来大兴屯田的名臣任峻。数月之后,曹操向东攻打董卓,任峻便劝说杨原等人归附了曹操,曹操大喜,上表任峻为骑都尉,并将自己的从妹嫁给任峻,对其甚为亲信。任峻后来还成为曹操手下最早的一批封侯,封都亭侯,封邑三百户,如此厚遇,我看也有很大的成分是为了报恩吧。
其实,杨原与任峻放过曹操,也与东汉的政治风俗有关,此二人大概也是党人出身,对党人有着天然的阶级感情。而在东汉两次党锢之祸中,有大批党人官员不顾朝廷诏令掩护、窝藏被朝廷追捕的党人政治犯,甚至弃官与对方一起逃亡。足见当时党人是相当具有斗争精神的,董卓这是捅了马蜂窝了。
总之,曹操算是又逃过了一劫,于是向两位同道表示了感谢,然后拨马继续东行,终于安全找到张邈,并在他的帮助下,开始招兵买马武装起义,串联群雄,诛董勤王!
曹操一路逃的这么惊险,殊不知另外两位袁氏兄弟却一点事儿没有。原来,董卓最信任的两位谋士周毖、伍琼其实暗地里也是袁氏的小弟,他们假意效忠董卓,却力劝其道:“夫废立大事,非常人所及。袁绍不达大体,恐惧出奔,非有它志。今急购之,势必为变。袁氏树恩四世,门生故吏遍于天下,若收豪杰以聚徒众,英雄因之而起,则山东非公之有也。不如赦之,拜一郡守,绍喜于免罪,必无患矣。”董卓被忽悠住了,于是拜袁绍为渤海太守,封邟乡侯;袁术则直接继承了叔叔的后将军职(袁隗已转任太傅),二兄弟高官厚禄,意气昂扬,比起曹操如逃难般狼狈至此,真是人比人气死人哪!
陈留乃兖州第一大郡,下辖17县,人口繁盛(鼎盛时有八十六万多),乃当今天子(刘协原为陈留王)即位前的封地,又临近洛阳,正是招兵买马的好地方。而陈留太守张邈此人,少以侠闻,振穷救急,倾家无爱,士多归之,被列为党人“八厨”之一。这个“厨”,不是厨师的意思,言能以财救人也。宋范成大《致政孙从政挽词》言:“重道几三叟,轻财似八厨。”总之张邈此人,相当有钱,也相当慷慨,所以曹操希望与他联合,共同出钱,拉起一支正义之师不成问题。
曹操本没什么钱的,他那些俸禄还不够他结交、接济朋友,不过他爹大贪官曹嵩很有钱。董卓之乱后,曹嵩知道事情要坏,就散尽家财,换成金银细软,一部分分给曹操;另一部分曹嵩则装了一百多车,带着离开老家谯县,向东逃往琅琊避难。
如此,曹操便有了一大笔钱,得以首举义旗,最终招得兵将五千人。
消息传出,曹操老家的族人,包括夏侯惇、夏侯渊、曹洪、曹休、曹仁、曹纯,也先后赶来给曹操撑场子,曹操纷纷予以重用,这可都是他的子弟兵,最得他亲信,只要创业阶段没死没跑,到最后都是牛人。
不过谋士出自其中的却不多。天下初乱,文人们反应总是比较慢的。并不是每个人都有曹操这种散财舍家的勇气。
当然,袁绍老早就建好了自己的智囊团,而且正是他和他的智囊团搞出来的这场乱世。曹操的队伍有武无文,要加油了。
不过在陈留本地,倒有一文人,对曹操做到了倾囊相助。这个人就是卫玆。
卫兹,字子许。陈留襄邑(今河南睢县)首富。为人有大节,明虑渊深,规略宏远。可谓有才又有财,更重要的是,在群雄之中,他最看好曹操,并对外大力宣称:“平天下者,必此人也。”于是散尽家财,资助曹操换来大量钱粮与兵马,并言:“乱生久矣,非兵无以整之。兵之兴者,自今始矣。”曹操大喜,直呼卫兹就是自己的邓禹啊。
可是,就算了卫兹的资助,曹操起兵还是起的很艰难。袁绍、张邈、刘表、刘岱等人至少还有朝廷封的封疆大吏的官职,可以在地方上直接征税招人;可曹操弃官逃亡后,无官无权没地盘,当然也就没有钱粮赋税,他自己拉起这五千人马,最后也需自己负责筹措军饷,虽然开始有曹家与卫兹的财团支持,张邈也会支持一些,但毕竟军队花钱如流水,没几个月曹操就撑不下去了,无奈之下竟想了个歪招。原来,汉代流行厚葬,王侯将相的陵寝简直就是地下金库,如今天下大乱,盗匪兵痞横行,活人都快活不下去了,还管死人作甚,与其像袁术、吕布那样靠掠夺百姓来发军饷,不如去打死人的主意,于是曹操不走寻常路,开启了他的盗墓生涯。
曹操早期的这点破事儿,后来被袁绍手下御用文人陈琳抓住了小辫子,在《讨曹操檄》上大做文章道:“操欲迷夺时明,杜绝言路,擅收立杀,不俟报国。又梁孝王,先帝母昆(兄弟),坟陵尊显;桑梓松柏,犹宜肃恭。而操帅将吏士,亲临发掘,破棺裸尸,掠取金宝。至令圣朝流涕,士民伤怀!操又特置发丘中郎将、摸金校尉,所过隳突,无骸不露。身处三公之位,而行桀虏之态,污国害民,毒施人鬼!”何为发丘中郎将?就是发现寻找坟丘的将领,摸金校尉就不用解释了,直接带兵下墓坑摸金宝的首领。
陈琳的文笔确实不错,一番舆论攻击,不仅让曹操身败名裂,也让如今流行的盗墓小说里多了曹操这么一位盗墓贼祖师爷。不过,必须指出的是,曹操盗墓之事,只有陈琳《讨曹操檄》这一条孤证,其他正史杂史野史都未曾提及,而陈琳代表了曹操死敌袁绍,他这篇檄文恐有造谣抹黑夸大其词之嫌。当然,《三国志·魏志·文帝纪》引曹丕《终制》云:“丧乱以来,汉氏诸陵无不发掘,至乃烧取玉匣金缕,骸骨并尽,是焚如之刑,岂不重痛哉!”可见确实很多汉陵被盗掘了,但未必是曹操干的(否则曹丕恐怕也不会这么大方的说出来)。《三国志·魏志·董卓传》云:“(董卓)焚烧洛阳宫室,悉发掘陵墓,取宝物。”可见这事儿大多是董卓凉州军干的。另外,三国时还有一位真正的盗墓大师也被世人忽视了,他就是吴大帝孙权,只可惜孙权一生都在南方,所以盗的都是级别稍次的南方王侯墓葬,如吴王阖闾墓、长沙王吴芮墓、南越王赵婴齐墓等,而且此人盗墓似乎并不是为了军饷,而纯粹是因为爱好珍宝甚至木材,格局低到不行,却很少被人诟病,足见文人笔对舆论之影响,令人感叹。
据《元和郡县志》:“秦皇凿山以求(吴王阖闾墓)珍异,莫知所在;孙权穿之亦无所得。”
《三国志·魏书·诸葛诞传》注引郭颁《世语》:“黄初末,吴人发长沙王吴芮冢,以其砖於临湘为孙坚立庙。”
刘宋沈怀远《南越志》:“孙权时闻(南越王赵)佗墓多以异宝为殉,乃发卒数千人,寻掘其冢,竟不可得。次掘(赵)婴齐墓,得玉玺、金印、铜剑之属,而佗墓卒无所知者。”
注1:这个故事并不见《三国志》正文,而见于裴松之注引的三条史料,一是王沈的《魏书》,一是西晋郭颁的《世语》,一是东晋孙盛的《杂记》。而三个版本说法都不一样,《魏书》作为官修正史,认为是吕伯奢儿子与宾客“共劫太祖,取马及物”,故曹操杀之;而《世语》《杂记》两本野史则认为是曹操自己疑神疑鬼错杀好人。正史与野史说法不同,两部野史具体细节也不一样,总之众说纷纭,真实情况如何,恐怕只有曹操自己知道了。
注2:无论哪一则史料,曹操最多只犯了误杀罪,按照汉儒“原心定罪”的传统,过失杀人的罪过是很小的。但小说《三国演义》中增加曹操在明知误杀后又杀了吕伯奢的情节,并增加了陈宫这个目击者,让曹操的奸雄形象更加动人心魄,也让陈宫从追随者到背叛者的悲剧一生更为令人扼腕。
注3:从《三国志·武帝纪》来看,曹操似乎离开洛阳,就直奔陈留了,但从另外一些史料的蛛丝马迹来看,曹操在奔往陈留之前,似乎还去过老家沛国联系诸曹夏侯以及招兵买马。另外《三国志·曹真传》及注引《魏书》还记载说,曹操在起兵时曾回到谯县与曹真的生父曹邵一同“募徒众”,被豫州刺史黄琬打击(豫州治谯县),曹邵遇害,曹操这才收养了丧父的曹真。《武帝纪》注引《曹瞒传》也记载,当时的沛相袁忠亦一度想用法律来惩治曹操,而沛国名士桓邵也很轻视曹操,总之此时谯沛一带的政治环境与社会舆论并不支持曹操在此招兵,曹操这才跑去陈留投奔了张邈。
公众号主笔简介:
朱晖,文史作家,笔名闲乐生,中国古代名将狂热爱好者与研究者,王者荣耀专家团顾问,“凯叔讲故事”之《凯叔三国演义》及《三国博物学》历史与文学顾问,专注中国古代战争史领域十余年,出版历史作品近两百万字。
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81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}.rich_media_content{color:#000000e5;font-size:var(--articleFontsize);overflow:hidden;text-align:justify}.rich_media_content{color:var(--weui-FG-HALF)}.rich_media_content{position:relative;z-index:0}.wxw-img{vertical-align:bottom}body,.wx-root,page{--weui-BTN-HEIGHT: 48;--weui-BTN-HEIGHT-MEDIUM: 40;--weui-BTN-HEIGHT-SMALL: 32}body{--weui-elpsLine: 2;--weui-elpsFontSize: 1rem;--weui-elpsColor: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9)}body{--weui-mask-elpsLine: 2;--weui-mask-elpsLineHeight: 1.4;--weui-mask-elpsFontSize: 1rem;--weui-mask-elpsColor: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-mask-gradient: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), #ffffff 40%)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-elpsColor: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-mask-elpsColor: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-mask-gradient: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(25, 25, 25, 0), #191919 40%)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-YELLOW: #ffc300;--weui-GREEN: #91d300;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #95ec69;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: #000;--weui-FG-HALF: #000;--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .42);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #dc3636;--weui-ORANGERED: #d14730;--weui-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-YELLOW: #bb8e00;--weui-GREEN: #4f8400;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #2e8800;--weui-BRAND: #018942;--weui-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-INDIGO: #0075e2;--weui-PURPLE: #6265f1;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(225, 119, 25, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(0, 125, 187, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: 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#3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen 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