前言
国家空间天气监测预警中心的报告指出,世界时11月27日和28日,先后出现了四次日冕物质抛射(CME),从11月30日到12月2日可能出现中等地磁暴甚至大地磁爆活动。
日冕物质抛射CME是太阳活动的一种极端表现,就好比太阳忽然之间感觉“不适”,于是在太空中打了四次喷嚏。这四次“喷嚏”不仅仅是太阳的内部活动的外在表现,更可能对我们的地球产生影响。
就如同我们在寒冷的冬天可能因为打喷嚏而传播感冒病毒一样,太阳的这一系列喷嚏可能在宇宙中传播一些“病毒”,也就是带电粒子和磁场。这些物质可能与地球的磁场相互作用,进而引发地磁暴。
那么,什么是日冕物质抛射(CME)?这究竟是什么原因导致太阳的这次“感冒”呢?他是如何传染地球呢?下面将为大家一一解答:
什么是日冕物质抛射(CME)?
日冕物质抛射(CME),顾名思义就是发生在日冕层的物质抛射。所以,我们先看一下日冕在太阳的什么位置?
太阳是我们太阳系的中心星体,其结构分为核心、辐射层和对流层三个主要部分。在太阳的核心,核聚变反应持续进行,将氢原子核融合成氦,释放出大量能量。辐射层是能量通过辐射传递的区域,而对流层则通过气体对流传递能量。太阳的表面被称为光球,是由氢和氦等元素构成的。光球上方的色球层和日冕层则形成了太阳的大气层,展现出太阳特有的“色球”和“日冕”现象。
(图源来自网络)
而日冕物质抛射(CME)就是太阳大气中一种极为突发和强烈的现象,表现为太阳冕层(corona)释放大量的等离子体和磁场,以极高的速度抛射到太空中。这些等离子体包含带电粒子,主要是电子和质子,以及太阳的磁场。
(SOHO LASCO C2观测到的日冕物质抛射的爆发过程)
日冕物质抛射(CME)是太阳活动的一部分,特别是在太阳活动周期的高峰期,其发生频率可能增加。这就像太阳在忽然之间打了一个大喷嚏,将太阳的一部分物质以高速抛射到太空中。
什么原因导致太阳的这次“感冒”呢?
这突发事件源于太阳内部的磁场活动引发的不稳定性。磁场的不稳定会导致太阳释放大量的等离子体和磁场,就像是太阳得了流感,在不停的打喷嚏。
日常生活中,太阳东升西落周而复始,某种程度上成为了我们人类生活的刻钟,太阳似乎很稳定,永远会准时打卡上班。但是,可能和大家的印象中的太阳不一样,太阳是个极其不稳定的存在,太阳的磁场也经常“周期性的翻脸”。
太阳的磁场是一个极为动态和复杂的系统。它经历着太阳活动周期,大约为11年一个周期。在这个周期中,太阳的磁场发生反转,由南极向北极变化,然后再反转回来。这一过程被称为太阳活动周期,其周期性变化是由太阳内部的磁活动引起的。
(太阳磁场的翻转示意图 图源:wtamu)
(太阳黑子与太阳周期 图源:国家天文台)
在太阳活动周期的高峰期,太阳的磁场会变得更加活跃,产生太阳黑子(sunspots)等现象。这些太阳黑子是磁活动的显著标志,它们集中在太阳的表面,表明磁场强度在这些区域更为复杂和强烈。当磁场在某一地区变得过于复杂或不稳定时,可能导致能量的释放,形成日冕物质抛射(CME)。
日冕物质抛射(CME)是如何“传染”地球的呢?
文章看到这里,想必大家都知道了太阳“感冒”了,日冕物质抛射(CME)就是他打出的“喷嚏”,那么作为“密接”的地球会因为“飞沫传播”也遭殃吗?答案是肯定的。
太阳“打喷嚏”产生的物质会以一种高速的方式飞向太空,这种释放的大量带电粒子和磁场则又形成了巨大的太阳风,向宇宙中蔓延。此时,当这部分太阳物质朝向地球方向移动时,可能与地球磁场相互作用,导致地球磁场短时内发生扰动,进而引发地磁暴,这种扰动可能影响地球磁场的方向和强度,同时在高层大气中引发电离过程,导致地球磁场暂时且剧烈的变化。
(太阳风接近地磁示意图 图源自网络)
地磁暴的爆发可能对人类科技基础设施带来广泛而深远的影响。卫星系统、导航设备以及通信网络等先进技术系统都有可能受到干扰,并在极端情况下遭受损坏。在地球受到特大地磁暴的冲击时,通信信号可能遭受严重干扰,可能导致通信系统的功能中断,对社会和经济活动造成不可忽视的困扰。这种突发状况可能威胁到人们的日常生活和紧急通信系统的正常运作,因此,对地磁暴事件的监测和理解,以及采取相应的技术措施,是保障现代社会科技基础设施稳定运行的必要举措。
太阳经常“感冒”吗?
这次严重吗?
依据国家标准,对地磁暴的预警通常采用KP指数该指数由全球地磁台网中13个地磁台站的K指数计算得到的,用于表示全球地磁活动性,每3小时一个值,取值范围从0到9,共分28级:00,0+,1-,10,1+,…,9-,90。其值逐渐增大表示地磁扰动逐渐增强。在日常预警中,一般把Kp=5、6称为中小地磁暴,Kp=7、8、9称为大地磁暴。
2023年4月曾经发生过一次特大地磁暴,kp指数达到了8。央视还做出了专题报道。四月份的地磁暴之所以强烈,并非取决于太空粒子的强度,而在于日冕物质抛射的方向,它直接对准了地球。而此次地磁暴预计为中等或大地磁暴,没有上半年的强,对我们的日常生活不会带来特别重大的影响。
(今年4月21日日冕物质抛射观测图片 供图/国家卫星气象中心)
后记
本次太阳感冒也带了一些特殊“福利”——美丽的极光。据悉,11月30日北美地区可能已经出现了极光。根据惯例接下来几日,将有更大范围的极光活动,届时北半球高纬度地区都有可能看到极光,我国新疆、内蒙古和黑龙江北部也有可能看到。上次四月份强烈的地磁扰动下,在新疆克拉玛依,不少人观赏到了极光现象。许多网友被极光的美深深震撼,目前,有干冷冬季加成的东北,天空云量较少,看到极光的可能性更大一些。
(摄影师@Jeff的星空之旅 在新疆克拉玛依拍摄到的极光)
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#3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, 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rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content *{max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box!important;word-wrap:break-word!important}
div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}