2024年3月22日,俄罗斯首都莫斯科近郊克拉斯诺戈尔斯克市一音乐厅发生枪击事件。在演出开始前,至少有5名男性武装分子进入音乐厅所在建筑并向人群射击。武装分子先是使用轻武器射击,然后纵火点燃音乐厅。
当地时间24日,根据俄罗斯莫斯科州卫生部门公布的最新数据,音乐厅恐怖袭击事件已造成182人受伤。另据俄罗斯侦查委员会公布的最新统计数据,莫斯科州音乐厅恐怖袭击已造成137人死亡。
俄罗斯总统普京表示,将3月24日定为全国哀悼日。
其实,枪击、恐怖袭击、自然灾害、世界末日的预言……对成年人来说,这些都是令人沮丧的消息,更不用说我们身边的孩子了。如今是一个信息爆炸的时代,孩子会从家庭、朋友、老师,当然还有互联网上获取新闻,更可能从社交媒体上查看视频、帖子、博客,从收到推送到分享出去,有时只需要几秒钟的时间。当下已有不少孩子拥有自己的手机、平板电脑和笔记本电脑,或者在做作业时需要借用这些设备来查阅新闻,家长们通常无法及时阻隔孩子用自己的方式看待那些可怕的情况。
实际上,年幼的孩子根本没有能力去理解新闻事件,更不知道信息来源是否可信。即便是理解能力稍强一些的青少年,从各种意见或误导信息中筛选真正的事实也是不容易的事。不管你的孩子有多大,具有威胁性或令人沮丧的消息都会影响他们的情绪。许多孩子会感到担忧、害怕、愤怒甚至内疚。即便新闻事件很快就过去了,但这些焦虑的情绪会持续很长时间。
那么作为父母,你能做些什么来帮助你的孩子处理这些信息呢?
关于死亡
1948年,心理学家 Maria Nagy在研究正发现,3-10岁儿童对死亡的认知,存在三个发展阶段:
第一阶段:(3-5岁)认为死亡只是短暂的分离,是可逆转的,死去的人和动物还会回来;
第二阶段:(5-9岁)开始懵懂地了解到死亡是生命的终点,但他们认为死亡不是普遍的,英雄和科学家这种卓越的人不会死;
第三阶段:(9-10岁)能够理解死亡是普遍的,是不可避免的过程。
分年龄段
5岁以下的孩子还无法理解新闻事件,负面的消息还会影响他们的情绪,因此尽量避免让他们知道这类消息。
对于上小学的孩子,我们要减少对细节的描述,只讲述事件,告诉他们发生了不好的事情,并且尽量避免让他们看到血腥暴力的视频。
用适当的语言
对不同年纪的孩子,我们要使用不同的描述方法。
对于学龄前儿童,如果他们听到别人谈论这类事件,我们只需告诉他们:有坏人要伤害别人,但还有许多像警察叔叔一样的人在保护大家。
对于上小学的孩子,我们可以描述的更详细一些,告诉他们有些不好的组织在做什么事情,这个世界不是所有的地方都很和平,还有国家在发生战争。
此时我们也可以趁机告诉孩子,暴力是不好的行为,不能用暴力解决问题。
倾听孩子的恐惧
也许有些孩子听说类似的事件,会感到担忧和恐惧。这时,我们要认真对待他们的恐惧,并告诉他们,我们生活的地方是安全的,爸爸妈妈会保护他们,警察叔叔也会保护他们。
做好回答问题的准备
也许孩子会想要知道更多细节,会对宗教、偏见、民族主义等产生疑问。我们可以为孩子讲解一些基本知识,让他们知道世界并不是非黑即白。
在给小学中高年级孩子讲述时,可以利用这个机会让他们更多地了解地理、国家和政体等概念。
向英雄致敬
我们可以给孩子讲述事件中的正面角色,例如警察和消防员的工作事迹。让他们了解,这个世界上还有很多温暖和希望。
教会他们正确看待风险
告诉他们新闻中的事件虽然很可怕,但很少会发生在我们的身上。恐怖袭击发生在普通人身上的概率甚至不足遭遇雷劈的1/4,尤其我国安检严格,更加安全。
那么恐怖袭击如何防范和应对?
1、马上逃!
孩子要建立这样的意识:遇到坏人、地震、大火,孩子应当果断逃生,拔腿就跑。自警、自救、自助,可以不要等大人的指挥。
2、转身跑!
看到有人举刀冲进幼儿园或学校,不要怕,不要呆在原地不动,一定要转身快跑,越快越好。
3、动作快!
如果遇到突发事情,一定不要着急,要向人多的地方跑,向大人求救,眼疾动作快。爸爸可以用角色游戏教孩子自我保护:爸爸扮坏人,持刀瞪着宝宝说:“我是坏人,要砍人了!”让宝宝用尽办法逃跑和躲藏。
4、藏起来!
有人用凶器靠近,马上找隐蔽的地方躲藏起来,尽量不要让他发现自己。跑到教室、厕所、老师办公室,能躲在桌下就躲起来,能关上门就关上,并插好门。可以找厚纸板或其他东西把缝隙遮起来,不要出声,让歹徒注意不到这里有人。
带孩子们实地去演习几次。然后和孩子们做一个“假装”的游戏,告诉他们,我是坏人,举刀冲进来,让他们学会逃跑,跑到能藏身的地方。也教孩子们如何从里面插上门,让他们跑进去后马上锁门。
5、打电话!
平日牢记家庭住址,父母姓名和电话号码,在安全的前提下,第一时间拨打父母或110电话,为自己争取援助。
6、记安全!
上下学,一定要等家里人来接,不可乱跑,按时回家。即使在学校或幼儿园也不能一个人单独行动,要跟小朋友和老师在一起。公共场所也一样,不能离开家长的视线,以防止意外发生。
来源:百度百科 澎湃新闻 罗玲的空间
:张秋颖
编审:张秋颖
终审:冉阳 郝彬
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