每次长距离外出时,拎着大包的行李,某一刹那,你或许会想起当年物理老师告诉你的,一个人拎着重物静止不动,或沿水平路面匀速前进时,对重物不做功。
既然不做功,为啥你还累得像狗一样?
今天我们就深入肌肉内部,来看看,当你拎着重物静止不动时,肌肉里究竟发生了什么。
这是你的肌肉。
它的结构比你想象中的精密得多。
它由很多束组成。
把一根肌束放大,你会发现它由大量的肌纤维组成,每一根肌纤维其实就是一个肌肉细胞[1]。
一个人身上有着639块肌肉,含有多达60亿根的肌纤维。
把一根肌纤维再放大,你会发现一根肌纤维中又有多达上千根的肌原纤维[2]。
肌原纤维正是骨骼肌的收缩单位。
虽然它们只有1μm粗细,头发直径的1/80,但却十分的精密。
肌原纤维由一段段的肌节串联起来,肌节中是交叉排列的粗肌丝和细肌丝[3][4]。
这是肌节的纵剖面:
这是横截面:
可以看出,1粗肌丝周围分布着6根细丝,又或者说每3根粗肌丝就围着一根细肌丝。
两种肌丝交叉排列,分成「明、H、M、暗」各带。
粗肌丝和细肌丝并没有完全重叠。
两头的明带只有细肌丝。
中间的H带、M线只有粗肌丝。
只有暗带重叠。
这样的结构,使得细肌丝在粗肌丝内有着滑动的空间。
当你弯曲手臂,细肌丝往中间的M线滑行。当你伸展手臂,细肌丝则会往明带滑行。
虽然肌原纤维各个结构都具有弹性,但整根肌纤维的收缩和舒张,主要通过这个特殊的滑行结构来完成。
如此精密的工作,粗肌丝和细肌丝是如何互相协作完成的呢[5]?
粗肌丝和细肌丝都是亚纳米结构。
粗肌丝的主要结构为肌球蛋白(myosin)Ⅱ,肌球蛋白Ⅱ形似豆芽,由长长的杆部和椭圆的两个头部所组成[6]。
肌球蛋白Ⅱ长约160nm、直径10-15nm,分子量约450000。由6条多肽链组成,包含2条重链和4条轻链。2条重链的大部分肽链以α螺旋相互缠绕形成杆状尾部,每条重链的氨基末端部分分别和2条轻链组成球状头部。
200-300个肌球蛋白凝聚成粗肌丝,露出的头部平行交错排列,分布在粗肌丝的两段,又被称为横桥。
细肌丝则以肌动蛋白(actin)形成的两股,绞合在一起的长链为骨架,再嵌上原肌球蛋白(tropomyosin)及肌钙蛋白(troponin)[7]。
肌动蛋白上具有结合位点,可与粗肌丝上的横桥连接。
粗肌丝和细肌丝一起完成收缩工作,本质上是一个生化反应的过程。
当你准备弯曲手臂时,神经信号传达到肌细胞,肌细胞的肌质网会释放钙离子到肌节中。
在钙离子的作用下,细肌丝上的肌动蛋白结合位点便会暴露出来。这时,粗肌丝上的肌球蛋白就会通过横桥(肌球蛋白上突出的头部)与肌动蛋白结合。
随后肌球蛋白就会利用ATP中的能量,发生形变,然后拉动细肌丝滑行。
粗肌丝拉着细肌丝滑行一段距离后,随着ATP提供的能量耗尽,肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白会再次分开,然后再继续结合,利用ATP中的能量,发生下一次形变。
在不断结合→形变→分开的循环过程中,肌丝之间完成滑动,整个肌肉系统便完成收缩或舒张。
活化横桥的数目,决定了整个肌肉力量的大小。
整个肌节的收缩周期
这个微观层面的生化机制,就决定了,哪怕你静止拎着重物也会消耗能量。
当你提着重物,重物的重力和你的肌肉力量相等,这个力量必须由相应数量的活化横桥来维持。
在微观上,这个力量处在一个动态平衡的状态:
每当粗肌丝消耗ATP,拉着细肌丝往上发生细微的形变后,在横桥断开的瞬间,外部张力又会把细肌丝拉回原处。
如果此时不再提供张力,肌丝就会继续拉长。
要保持原位,就需要再次活化等量横桥,消耗ATP再次拉着细肌丝往上发生细微的形变,回到远处,如此循环往复。
整个过程,虽然重物宏观上静止不动,但微观上势能却在反复变化。肌肉通过反复活化横桥,不断做功,不断地消耗ATP。虽然最终总做功为零,但整个过程都是实实在在的做功,只不过这些功,最终都转化成了热量。这也是为什么,你会累得满头大汗的原因。
利用高速透视摄像机,可以拍到肌肉微弱的高频振动[8]。
为什么我们感受不到这个形变过程中呢?
因为肌节的长度只有2~3μm,肌球蛋白只有160nm,横桥更是小到20nm,远远小于我们所能感知的尺度。
除此之外,肌原纤维之间也是并联关系,当某一根肌原纤维上的横桥去活化,不再受力时,还有其它的肌原纤维处于活化状态,维持拉力,从而弱化震动幅度,使得宏观上看起来位置不变。
这个过程,其实和水柱顶球是相似的。
当然,水球能在水柱上方稳定,主要源于伯努利效应。
小球相对静止在空中,便是通过水不断产生的冲量维持的。水牺牲掉的动能,其实是用在了小球细微的势能变化上。
水柱可以一直顶球,那为什么肌肉无法一直拎着重物,过一会儿就会又累又酸呢?
这是因为肌肉中临时储存的ATP是有限的,很快就会消费干净。
不过,肌肉中还储存着另外一种高能磷酸化合物——磷酸肌酸[9],它提供的能量比ATP还稍多一些。
我们知道,ATP供能之后会脱掉一个磷酸基变成ADP。
而磷酸肌酸可以向ADP提供磷酸基,从而再次形成ATP,以继续给肌肉供能。
肌肉中磷酸肌酸含量比较丰富,是ATP的3~4倍,所以可以让肌肉张力维持足够长的时间。
但随着磷酸肌酸耗尽,ATP供应不足,活化的横桥越来越少,就会逐渐脱力,肌肉会发生不自主的颤抖。活化横桥数目完全不足以支撑时,就会彻底脱力。
当肌肉里的磷酸肌酸和ATP都耗尽后,自然便会感到十分劳累。
当处于休息状态,肌肉中磷酸肌酸和ATP,会通过葡萄糖等相关代谢途径转化后恢复。磷酸肌酸的储备,同样由ATP来合成。实质上,二者在肌肉中处于一个动态转化的状态。
不难发现,当你拎着重物赶路时,期间稍微休息和完全不休息,虽然总的消耗差异不大,但整个行程的劳累感的差异会十分巨大。
当拎重物的总时间过长,会消耗大量的人体能量储备,从而让人体处于重度疲劳状态。同时因为乳酸的大量积累,肌肉也会酸胀难受。
人稍微一运动就会释放大量热量,这其实反应出来的是动物肌肉系统的低效。
人体肌肉运动效率一般在10%~30%,运动时,肌肉消耗100大卡的热量,只有30大卡转化成了动能,70大卡都以热量的形式释放了出去。
当你拎着重物时,动能为零,自然100%都转化成了热量。
人类发明的各种各样的拖行工具,省下的正是肌肉额外消耗的这部分能量。
如果还有机会再遇到物理老师,你可以理直气壮地告诉他,静止或水平匀速拎着重物时,你的肌肉是做了功的,哪怕对重物的最终
有效功为零
。
参考文献
[1] Frontera, Walter R., and Julien Ochala. "Skeletal muscle: a brief review of structure and function." Calcified tissue international 96 (2015): 183-195.
[2] Sanger, Joseph W., et al. "How to build a myofibril." Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility 26 (2005): 343-354.
[3] Squire, John M. "Architecture and function in the muscle sarcomere." Current opinion in structural biology 7.2 (1997): 247-257.
[4] Craig, R., and Raúl Padrón. "Molecular structure of the sarcomere." Myology 3 (2004): 129-144.
[5] Lin, Brian Leei, Taejeong Song, and Sakthivel Sadayappan. "Myofilaments: movers and rulers of the sarcomere." Comprehensive Physiology 2 (2011): 675-692.
[6] Sweeney, H. Lee, and Anne Houdusse. "Structural and functional insights into the myosin motor mechanism." Annual review of biophysics 39 (2010): 539-557.
[7] Hessel, Anthony L., et al. "Titin force in muscle cells alters lattice order, thick and thin filament protein formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119.48 (2022): e2209441119.
[8] Mottram, Carol J., et al. "Prolonged vibration of the biceps brachii tendon reduces time to failure when maintaining arm position with a submaximal load." Journal of neurophysiology 95.2 (2006): 1185-1193.
[9] Bessman, Samuel P., and Christopher L. Carpenter. "The creatine-creatine phosphate energy shuttle." Annual review of biochemistry 54.1 (1985): 831-862.
来源:瞻云
原提着重物不动,明明没做功,人为什么还会感到累?
:Meyare
转载仅代表观点
不代表中科院物理所立场
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rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: #000;--weui-FG-HALF: #000;--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .42);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #dc3636;--weui-ORANGERED: #d14730;--weui-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-YELLOW: #bb8e00;--weui-GREEN: #4f8400;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #2e8800;--weui-BRAND: #018942;--weui-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-INDIGO: #0075e2;--weui-PURPLE: #6265f1;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(225, 119, 25, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(0, 125, 187, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, 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#7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: 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