又到了炫菠萝的季节啦！你是不是以为菠萝是一个超大的果实呀？其实菠萝不是一个大果实，而是由很多无籽小果螺旋排列而成，每个菠萝有 100~200 个小果，直接与中央核相连聚集，最后才形成我们看到的大菠萝。
图片来源：参考文献[1]
在水果中，菠萝的香甜味相当俘获人心，不仅菠萝肉能吃，就连菠萝皮也不浪费，用来做盛装饭菜的容器，别有一番风味！
菠萝和凤梨啥关系？
关于菠萝和凤梨到底是不是一种水果的问题，一直争论不休，从未停止。
实际上，菠萝和凤梨就是一种水果。
菠萝是凤梨科的植物，也叫凤梨，就像土豆和马铃薯、西红柿和番茄、秋葵和羊角豆、芭乐和番石榴。
可能很多人会说：“市面上的菠萝和凤梨就是不一样呀，菠萝有刺、扎手，还得用盐水泡；凤梨没有刺、皮薄、不用挖眼，不用盐水泡就能吃。”
之所以会出现这样的差异，与菠萝的品种直接相关。
菠萝的栽培品种约有 70 个 ，根据其形态、叶刺和果实特性分为卡因、皇后、西班牙和杂交种 4 类。
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可以这样理解：菠萝就是凤梨，凤梨就是菠萝。只不过人们口中的“凤梨”，是菠萝家族中的不同成员而已，口感更好一些。
吃菠萝为什么“扎嘴”？
菠萝虽然香甜好吃，但少吃还行，多吃几口就会明显感觉到“扎嘴”“倒牙”，有点蜇得慌。这是为啥呢？
1
草酸钙针晶
菠萝的果肉中含有草酸钙针晶，晶体呈两端尖锐的针状或长纺锤状。所以我们吃菠萝的时候常会感到有点“扎”。
2
菠萝蛋白酶
菠萝蛋白酶是存在于菠萝植株中的一种蛋白质水解酶，这种蛋白酶不是单一的成分，而是由多种不同分子量和分子结构的酶组成的多种酶，属于巯基蛋白酶类。
这种蛋白酶会破坏牙龈、口腔黏膜等结构，让我们产生不适感。
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也就是说“你在吃菠萝的同时，菠萝也在吃你。”正是因为菠萝含有菠萝蛋白酶，所以常被当做“天然嫩肉粉”。
菠萝蛋白酶也会导致一部分人对菠萝过敏，出现腹泻、呕吐、全身发痒、四肢及口舌发麻等症状，甚至还可能出现呼吸困难、休克等反应。
为什么有的菠萝不“扎”？
经常听人说：“菠萝扎嘴，凤梨不扎嘴。”其实，菠萝扎嘴或不扎嘴，这与不同品种菠萝果肉中菠萝蛋白酶活力有关。
有研究人员对比了巴厘、卡因、金钻菠萝、台农 16 号、粤脆、香水这 6 个品种菠萝，在相同生长期内菠萝蛋白酶活力的差异。结果发现：巴厘菠萝的酶活力最低，相应口感最好，不必用盐水浸泡即可食用；卡因菠萝酶活力最高，不做处理几乎不能食用，所以一般加工成罐头再吃。
菠萝扎嘴怎么办？
想要解决菠萝扎嘴的问题，方法还真不少。
1
烹调处理
可以做烤菠萝或菠萝炒饭、菠萝咕咾肉，因为菠萝蛋白酶遇热会失活，它的最适温度为 40℃ 左右，温度过髙或过低都会影响菠萝蛋白酶的活性。不用太担心营养损失，毕竟菠萝中怕热的维生素 C、B 族维生素含量并不高，完全可以靠吃其他食物来补充。
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2
热水浸泡
菠萝切成块，直接用开水泡几分钟，因为热水可以把菠萝蛋白酶灭活，也可以溶解草酸钙结晶。
3
盐水浸泡（有点用，但不是很推荐）
用盐水浸泡菠萝，能在一定程度上减轻菠萝扎嘴的情况，但其实撒盐少作用不大。盐的咸味可以减轻苦味，增强甜味，能在一定程度上缓解吃菠萝的不适感。
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但有研究认为，菠萝的最佳浸泡方式是氯化钠溶液浓度为 7%，浸泡时间 10min。7%的氯化钠溶液的制备，需要向 500mL 水中加入 35~40g 食盐。
这盐含量可不低，用它来浸泡菠萝吃，不仅口感偏咸，对血压也可能不太友好。
菠萝要买熟透的
买菠萝一定要买新鲜且相对熟透一些的，这是因为菠萝属于非呼吸跃变型水果，如果买的菠萝没熟透，到家之后它也不能再自己催熟自己了。
即便是和已经熟透的苹果、香蕉放在一起也不会进一步成熟，不过质地还是会变软的。糖类、风味物质含量都不会继续增加，味道也不好吃。
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其实，我们吃到的菠萝都不是最甜的，可能只有菠萝原本一半的甜度而已。因为菠萝运输路途遥远，一般都会提早采收，所以糖分较少，甜度并非最佳。
挑选菠萝的时候，就选叶子茂盛、叶片挺立、果实新鲜，手感沉的菠萝；同时也要用手指稍微按压一下，选略微发软、有弹性的，这样的菠萝成熟度大多较好。
图片来源：供图
总结
菠萝香气独特，味道甜美。如果担心吃菠萝扎嘴，可以烤菠萝，或者选择巴厘菠萝。喜欢种点花花草草的朋友，菠萝的尾巴别扔，找个容器放点水，种起来还挺好看的，就是有点扎人。
参考文献
[1]Comprehensive tissue-specific transcriptome profiling of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and building an eFP-browser for further study [PeerJ]
[2]严程明,张江周,刘亚男,马海洋,石伟琦.5个品种菠萝果实品质比较与分析[J].广东农业科学,2012,39(19):42-44
[3]梁银浩,杨少辉,陈文生,林晓娜,苏礼芝,文志华.‘金钻17号菠萝’引种与‘巴厘菠萝’比较研究[J].中国园艺文摘,2018,34(6):34-3542
[4]杨月欣.中国食物成分表第6版第1册[M].北京大学医学出版社,2018
[5]David G,Gardner DDS,MSD.Injury to the oral mucous membranes caused by the common houseplant, dieffenbachia: A review[J].Oral Surgery,Oral Medicine,Oral Pathology.1994,78(5):631-633.
[6]Gary G.Coté. Diversity and distribution of idioblasts producing calcium oxalate crystals in Dieffenbachia seguine (Araceae)[J].American Journal of Botany.2009,96(7):1245-1254.
[7]丁方,吴妍.草酸钙结晶在几种中药显微鉴别中的应用[J].广东蚕业,2017,51(7):10-10
[8]狄荻,周咏新,张新烨,杨彩云.探究影响菠萝蛋白酶活性的条件[J].生物学通报,2020,55(11):58-60
[9]韩志萍,黄茂芳,许逵,静玮,曹玉坡.菠萝中蛋白酶及其他组份在品种间的差异分析[J].天然产物研究与开发,2011,23(2):320-323
策划制作
丨薛庆鑫 注册营养师
审核丨阮光锋 科信食品与健康信息交流中心副主任
策划丨符思佳
丨符思佳
审校丨徐来 林林
本文封面图片及文内图片来自版权图库
吃美味菠萝！
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.35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, 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#74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: 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#06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-DEFAULT-ACTIVE-BG: #e6e6e6}.wx-root,body{--weui-DIALOG-LINE-COLOR: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BG-COLOR-ACTIVE: #ececec}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BTN-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BTN-DEFAULT-ACTIVE-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, 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