特别策划:医聊连线044期
医脉通携手各学科临床医生,解答疾病诊疗「十万个为什么」,为广大患友及家属提供就医指导。
本期 莫颖敏
广西自治区人民医院老年医学诊疗中心副主任、老年神经内科主任、主任医师
本期要点
1. 什么是老年肌少症?
2. 肌少症有哪些临床表现?
3. 肌少症的危险因素有哪些?
4. 如何诊断肌少症?
5. 怎样防治肌少症?
吴阿伯今年78岁了,近1年来,他感觉自己腿脚力气明显下降,走路时双腿特别没劲,爬楼梯很困难,还莫名其妙地摔倒了几次,每天都感觉很疲劳,拎不了重物,甚至连毛巾都拧不干,人也瘦了,体重下降了好几斤。家人发觉不对劲,认为吴阿伯可能是脑中风了,于是就把他带到了医院老年医学科就诊。经过详细询问病史和检查,吴阿伯被诊断为老年肌少症。
▍什么是老年肌少症?
老年肌少症,也称肌肉衰减综合征,是一种增龄相关的肌肉量减少、肌肉力量下降和/或躯体功能减退的老年综合征。肌少症发病率随着年龄增加而升高,在中国,60岁以上人群的发病率为5.7%~23.9%,在80岁以上人群,发病率高达11%~50%。因此,肌少症是一种老年人常见病、多发病。
肌少症会引起机体功能障碍,尤其是下肢力量减弱,导致行动不便,容易跌倒,增加老年人失能和死亡的风险。我国对该疾病的认识和研究起步晚,社会和民众对其认知度低,目前尚未得到足够重视。
▍肌少症有哪些临床表现?
肌少症主要表现为四肢肌肉质量和功能的下降,如:1.活动能力下降,日常生活如行走、坐立等完成困难,平衡障碍。2.疲劳乏力:握力下降,手部的力量差,受伤或手术后恢复较慢。3.不明原因的体重下降(指已经排除了节食、手术、糖尿病、甲状腺功能异常、肿瘤等等容易导致恶液质的疾病)。4.容易发生跌倒、骨折。
▍老年肌少症的危险因素有哪些?
主要有:增龄、激素水平下降、运动缺乏、营养摄入不足、长期吸烟酗酒以及慢性疾病和某些药物。增龄会导致器官功能的减退,激素水平的改变,均可以导致运动能力的下降,肌肉质量和肌肉力量的丢失。缺乏运动,如长期卧床、久坐等的人群也会导致肌肉质量和力量减少。
老年人由于牙齿和胃肠道功能减退,导致能量或蛋白质、维生素的摄入不足,是发生肌少症的重要原因之一。长期吸烟酗酒会抑制蛋白质合成、加速蛋白质降解以及肌肉Ⅱ型纤维(快肌)萎缩。慢性疾病、手术、肿瘤、内分泌疾病、多器官衰竭也是老年人发生肌少症的常见原因。
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▍如何诊断肌少症?
诊断肌少症需结合肌肉质量、肌肉力量及躯体功能状况三者情况,其中肌肉质量下降是诊断的必备条件,肌肉质量下降+肌肉力量下降/躯体功能障碍即可诊断为肌少症,若三者均具备(即肌肉质量下降+肌肉力量下降+躯体功能障碍)则诊断为严重肌少症。
诊断流程一般分四个步骤:1. 筛查;2. 肌肉质量评估;3. 肌肉力量评估;4. 躯体功能评估。
下面一起来看看:
1. 筛查:采用肌少症五项评分问卷(SARC-F)或肌少症五项评分联合小腿围问卷(SARC-CalF),见表1、表2。
2. 肌肉质量评估
评估方法有CT/MRI、双能X线、生物阻抗分析。其中CT/MRI因价格贵,临床使用少,而双能X线及生物阻抗分析方法价格适中,临床应用较多。
3. 肌肉力量评估
一般采用握力计测量上肢握力,不能进行握力计测试的,可用“5次起-坐试验”代替。诊断界值:握力:男性<28Kg、女性<18Kg, 5次起-坐试验:男、女≥12秒。
4. 躯体功能评估
采用步速或简易体能状况量表来评估躯体功能。步速的测定可采用“6米步速测试”,正常值>1米/秒。简易体能状况量表(SPPB)总分12分,得分越高提示体能越好,包括三个部分:平衡能力测试0~4分、步行速度测试0~4分、5次起-坐试验0~4分,正常值>9分。
表3 肌少症诊断标准
▍怎样防治老年肌少症?
增龄、营养摄入不足、缺乏运动锻炼是老年人发生肌少症最常见的原因。古话说“千金难买老来瘦”,很多老人因此而刻意控制体重,减少蛋奶肉鱼虾等蛋白质的摄入。
根据现代医学研究结果来看,这句话的观点并不完全正确。还有些老年朋友由于害怕心脑血管堵塞,长期素食,不吃肉,造成蛋白质、维生素等营养素缺乏,从而导致肌肉流失。另外,国人运动健身的意识不足,很多人偏好中药养生或者“静养”而忽略了运动锻炼。
近年来的研究表明,肌少症是可防、甚至部分逆转的,通过合理的营养和运动干预,可以减缓肌肉减少的速度,延缓衰老。
在营养方面,60岁以上老年人应摄入充足的蛋白质及必需氨基酸,对于非肌少症老年人,建议每日摄入蛋白质1.0~1.2g/Kg.d,预防肌少症发生;已发生肌少症的患者每日摄入蛋白质1.2~1.5g/Kg.d,优质蛋白质比例应达50%, 均衡分配到一日三餐,合并严重营养不良的则每日摄入蛋白质在1.5g/Kg.d以上。富含亮氨酸的蛋白质可以促进肌肉合成,动物性蛋白质中的亮氨酸含量较高,如鱼肉、鸡肉及牛奶。
在运动干预方面,推荐抗阻运动、有氧运动和平衡训练,其中抗阻运动是基础和核心, 器械可选用弹力带、绑腿沙袋、哑铃、阻力自行车等,每次抗阻训练建议30~60min, 每周至少2~3次。
有氧运动可选择6 分钟行走、2 分钟高抬腿、骑健身车、健身舞等项目。平衡训练可帮助肌少症患者在日常生活和其他活动中保持身体稳定性, 降低跌倒风险,它包括静态平衡和动态平衡。
静态平衡训练方式有:三步势平衡、单腿站立训练等。建议每个静态动作从坚持10s开始, 逐渐增加至1~2min。动态平衡训练方式有坐立坐训练、行走训练(直线行走、倒退走、侧身走等)。
药物治疗肌少症目前证据还不足,有研究显示,维生素D(特别是老年女性)和睾酮(肌肉无力、血清睾酮水平低的老年男性)具有改善肌肉质量、肌力和/或身体表现的作用。当血1,25(OH)D <50nmol/L时,可补充维生素D。
肌少症是一种严重影响老年人运动能力和生活质量的疾病,通过以下方法我们自己就可以初步判断是否患肌少症!
肌少症简易筛查
另外,用拇指和食指度量自己的小腿围,也可以初步筛查肌少症
老年朋友们,如果肌少症初步筛查阳性,一定要记得及时到医院进一步确诊,查明原因并治疗。
本期专家
莫颖敏医师
曾到北京协和医院、墨尔本大学皇家墨尔本医院进修学习
擅长神经系统疾病和老年病诊治,主持科研课题3项,发表学术论文20余篇
中国老年保健协会家庭医师分会委员
广西预防医学会老年病防治专业委员会副主任委员
广西康复医学会阿尔茨海默病与认知障碍康复专业委员会副主任委员
广西康复医学会帕金森与运动障碍康复专业委员会副主任委员
广西营养学会老年营养分会副主任委员
广西医师协会神经内科医师分会常委
广西医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组委员
广西医学会老年医学分会常委
广西医师协会全科医师分会常委
问诊可覆盖疾病的整个康复过程,相当于身边有个贴心可靠的家庭医生。针对病情变化,你可多次提问,获得医生循证规范解答。
参考文献:
[1] 杨茗,吴锦晖.肌肉少了也是病[M].北京:科学出版社,2023.
[2] 中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会.肌少症共识[J].中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂 志,2016,9(3):215-227
[3] 中华医学会老年医学分会,《中华老年医学杂志》委员会.老年人肌少症防控干预中国专家共识(2023)[J].中华老年医学杂志,2023,42(3):144-153.
[4] 中华医学会老年医学分会,《中华老年医学杂志》委员会.老年人肌少症口服营养补充中国专家共识(2019)[J].中华老年医学杂志,2019,38(11):1193-1197.
[5] 刘洋,孙博然,刘雪薇等.社区老年人肌少症筛查工具准确性的Meta分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志, 2024, 30 (03): 327-334+368.
[6] 张瑞,纪代红,王瑶等.老年肌少症患者跌倒恐惧的研究进展[J].中华老年多器官疾病杂志, 2024, 23 (02): 153-156.
[7] 周星辰,邓雅,徐玉涵等.肌少症指数在肌少症评估中的应用价值[J].中国骨质疏松杂志, 2024, 30 (02): 275-279.
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