■ 背景简介：

2023年8月29日，我和中国科学技术大学彭承志教授、中电信量子信息科技集团有限公司董事长吕品做了一场介绍量子信息的直播，“逐浪硬科技”沙龙活动第一期。此为精彩片段之一。

袁岚峰：我是中国科学技术大学的袁岚峰，欢迎来到我们的逐浪硬科技——量子科技主题沙龙直播间。

今天就是我们逐浪硬科技沙龙活动第一期，主题是量子科技。

什么是量子？

彭

承志：

量子这个词，不是说懂的人太少了，是这个词太通俗了，大家都知道。我们通常科技意义上讲的量子呢，指的是量子力学，对吧。量子力学应该说是一百年前，当我们人类认识到微观世界，在为探索微观世界的奥秘的时候，就发现传统的对应的经典力学主要就指的牛顿力学和这个麦克斯韦电磁理论，经典的电磁理论，这两个理论呢不再能够很好的来描述微观的这个世界，所以人们就发展出了量子力学这一套理论。

袁岚峰：其实很多人以为一听到量子这个词

他第一反应说以为这是一种粒子，每当有人来，我立刻就告诉他这个想法是完全错误，量子不是特指某种粒子，也没有哪个粒子专门叫做量子，实际上量子呢，是指的不连续变化这种现象。

彭

承志：所以市面上什么量子水、量子这个量子那个，那些肯定都不是的，都跟这个量子力学没关系，对吧。你就把量子当一个形容词就好了。

两次量子科技革命&现实应用

吕品：

我的理解，

第一次量子革命我们利用的是叫微观粒子的宏观特性，比如说光纤通信，它就是大量光子的集合；那么第二次量子革命和运营商有什么关系，和我从事的中国电信有什么关系，因为第二次量子革命利用的是微观物体的微观特性，我们可以操控单个光子或者是多个光子的集合，我们通过对单个光子进行操控，或单个粒子进行操控观察它的量子态，利用它的随机的状态的变化产生密码，所以现在的这个通信和安全是息息相关的。

能否利用量子纠缠实现瞬间信息传输？

彭承志：不能，

就是我们量子力学确实有这个瞬间的这个改变，会瞬间的改变一些东西，对吧。但是呢，它肯定不能用来传递信息。

袁岚峰：瞬间传输信息的东西目前是不存在的，而且它是在原理上不存在的，因为它是违反相对论的，我们现在没有发现任何推翻相对论的实验现象。就比方说看那足球比赛的时候，你看到很多人组成一些非常漂亮的图案在那传来传去的是吧，你说这个人浪的速度它可以达到多高？实际上呢，它可以无限的高是吧，它可以无限高，因为你只要事先设定好一个程序让他按照这个程序一个起来一个下去，那这个人浪表观上那个传输速度可以无限高，可以超过光速，没问题的。但是呢，假如你是一个人，他要看前一个人运动再决定自己要起来还是下去，那样的话你的速度就不能超过光速，因为你就传信息了，所以你刚才提到，这个量子纠缠是什么呢？他是一个超光速但是不传信息的现象。

浅析“麦克斯韦妖”

彭承志：你把这个人啊关在这个屋子里面啊，虽然你门关着，这个人呢，像个鬼魂一样，就是量子的人，一个量子的人像个鬼魂一样在这个屋子里面无处不在啊，但是一旦你开门看他一眼，那你看了一下他，他就必须给我瞬间坐在哪个位置上面，这个状态是塌缩的。但是你去细究的话呢，这种塌缩呢，叫做波函数的这个全空间的塌缩它本身是不携带信息的。

量子计算机与生活有多远？

袁岚峰：你如果要让这个量子计算机有用啊，不但是这个量子比特要多，这当然是必要条件之一了；还有一个必要条件，就是说你对于这些量子比特的操纵要特别的精确，你想让它得到什么，它就得到什么。这个是超出现有技术水平的，现在我们这个量子比特出错率其实还是挺高的，有史以来，人类用这个量子算法分解的最大的数是多少呢，是一个6位数，所以它远远不能破解这个RSA密码，那就是因为那个量子比特操作精度不够高，它比我们现在在研究的其他好几个方向那个难度要高的多，所以我们是把它排在比较靠后的位置，它需要更长的时间。

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#74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: 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