本文:缇娜
近日,由中国科学院大连化学物理研究所、华中科技大学等单位合作完成的一项研究发表于
Nature Communications,阐述了多种环境有害化合物在中国人群中的暴露率以及其带来的不良影响
[1]
。
研究发现,上海、浙江、江苏、山东等东部地区人群,血清中的化学暴露物浓度更高,引发广泛关注。
论文截图
2 类化合物危害最大,居住地决定暴露水平
这项研究在中国 15 个省(市、自治区)招募了 5696 名志愿者,
检测了他们血样中 267 种化合物,包括杀虫剂、塑料降解产物、兽药、农药、增塑剂等的水平,随后挑选出了 74 种人群暴露水平较高(在超过 50% 的志愿者血样中可以检出)的化合物,再基于志愿者们的流行病学调查结果进行分析。
研究发现,在进行了风险分析的 74 种化合物中,
有 2 类化合物与慢性病风险升高的关联最为密切——有机氯化合物、全氟/多氟烷化合物。
其中,有机氯化合物(包括有机氯农药和多氯联苯)与高血压、糖尿病、代谢综合征和肥胖有关,而全氟和多氟烷化合物(PFASs)则与高脂血症、肥胖、代谢综合征和高尿酸血症有关。
此外,研究还发现,
高脂血症和代谢综合征的发病风险最容易受环境有害化合物的影响。
同时暴露于多种环境有害化合物时,罹患慢性疾病的风险将大于暴露于单一有害化合物时,这一效应在暴露于有机氯农药、PFASs 和邻苯二甲酸酯时尤为明显。
不仅如此,环境有害化合物的分布存在明显的地域关联。
其中,
东部沿海地区(山东、江苏、浙江和上海)人群血液中检测出环境有害化合物的频率最高
,而黑龙江、辽宁、北京、湖南、湖北和广西等地人群血液中检测出环境有害化合物的频率居于中等,其他 5 个在研究范围内的地区人群血液中检测出环境有害化合物的频率很低。
按化合物分类的话,江苏、浙江和上海三地人群中最常检出 PFASs,上海、江苏、湖北、重庆四地人群中最常检出有机氯农药。
地域对人群中检出不同类型环境有害化合物频率的影响(图源:参考资料 1)
为何地区之间会存在明显差异?
研究人员认为,原因包括:
· 沿海地区经济发达,高度工业化所带来的环境污染使人群有更多机会接触有害化合物;
· 长江水域容易累积持久性有机污染物(POPs),但难以清除 POPs,故生活在长江流域的人群容易通过各种途径摄入有害化合物;
· 沿海地区人群的食谱相比内陆地区更常包括食物链较上层的动物肉类,而这些动物容易在体内累积有害化合物,尤其是多氯联苯。
环境中常见,与疾病风险高度相关
在上述研究中,2 类环境有害化合物被重点提及——有机氯化合物和 PFASs。
它们的危害究竟是什么?
先来看有机氯化合物。
存在于环境中的有机氯化合物主要包括有机氯农药(如 DDT)以及多氯联苯等工业有机氯化合物,其结构高度稳定,在自然界中极难降解。
有研究显示,几种有代表性的有机氯化合物的环境半衰期超过 100 年
[3]
,
这意味着即使即刻停止使用,有机氯化合物仍需要几代人的时间来降解。
因此,
尽管全球绝大部分地区已经禁用有机氯化合物几十年,但它仍然能在全球各地的土壤、水样、动植物乃至人体中检出
[2]
。同时,
有机氯化合物容易在动物体内蓄积,食物链越上游的生物,越容易通过摄食来摄入大量有机氯化合物
[4]
。
目前,有机氯化合物已被明确是强致畸化合物、致突变化合物和环境内分泌干扰物,
可以导致动物的先天畸形和死亡,以及人类的先天畸形
、内分泌功能紊乱
和肝癌
[5~7]
。
再来看 PFASs。
PFASs 是一类在烷基链上存在多个氟原子的有机氟化合物,主要用于生产多种塑料及塑料制品(如塑料瓶、不粘锅涂层等)、医疗用品(如人工血管、造影剂)、工业用品(如表面活性剂)等。具有毒性低、结构稳定、生物相容性极佳等特点。
但是,相比通常使用的塑料或其他有机化合物制品,
PFASs 更难降解,且在降解和磨损过程中会释放具有毒性的单体化合物。
有资料表明,PFASs 中的多种化合物为内分泌干扰物
,
可引起甲状腺疾病
和妊娠期糖尿病
,且 PFASs 还与儿童过敏性疾病
、高血压
和炎症性肠病有所关联
[8~13]
。还有研究发现 PFASs 的暴露可引起免疫系统失调
,表现为部分炎症指标和自身免疫性抗体的水平上升
[14]。
PFASs 与人类疾病的关联(图源:欧洲环境局)
暴露引发全球关注,生活中如何减少接触
如今,有机氯化合物和 PFASs 在环境中的广泛存在已经引起了全球各地环境监管部门的重视,
大部分有机氯化合物已在全球范围内被禁止使用,PFASs 的使用也受到了密切的关注。
我国自 2023 年 3 月 1 日起施行的《重点管控新污染物清单(2023 年版)》中,PFASs 「家族」中的全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS),以及
全氟己基磺酸及其盐类和其相关化合物(PFHxS 类),都
已被列为「重点管控新污染物」。
图源:《重点管控新污染物清单(2023 年版)》
那么,对于普通人而言,如何尽量减少这些化合物的暴露?
目前为止,除了撒哈拉以南非洲仍在使用有机氯杀虫剂之外,能够接触到有机氯化合物的场景并不常见。因此,
通过加装饮用水和/或水质过滤装置、避免食用可能富集有机氯化合物的动物(如鲸鱼、鲨鱼)等措施,可以尽量减少有机氯化合物的暴露。
而在生活中,
饮用水
和食品包装
是人们接触 PFASs 的常见途径,美国环保署表示
,
PFASs 几乎不会通过皮肤渗入人体,非饮用水源(如洗澡水、刷碗水等)无需顾虑是否存在 PFASs。而对于饮用水源,可以通过加装净水器/过滤器减少暴露。
[15~17]
同时,目前使用 PFASs 生产的产品在市面上仍较为常见,也可能造成潜在的
PFASs 暴露。其中,3 类产品尤其值得关注:
1、不粘锅
PFAS 家族中的聚四氟乙烯 PTFE 常被用于生产不粘锅涂层。当温度高于 260°C 时(空载预热几分钟即可达到),PTFE 就会开始产生烟雾;当温度超过 350°C 时,涂层就会开始分解。在使用不粘锅时,尽量避免温度过高,或选用陶瓷、铸铁等其他材质的锅具。
2、防水服装面料
一些防水面料衣物可能使用了特氟龙(Teflon)、戈尔特斯(Gore-Tex)等材质,这些材质通常含有 PFASs。PFASs 并不会在穿着衣物时透过皮肤进入人体,但会在洗涤衣物时进入生活环境。可以尽量避免购买或选购其他面料的衣物。
3、防水化妆品
一些防水睫毛膏、防汗粉底霜和长效液体口红可能含有 PFASs 物质。
在产品成分表中,如果有成分带有「氟」字眼,可以与商家进一步沟通确认是否含有 PFASs。
致谢:本文经 清华大学化学系博士 孙亚飞 专业审核
【注】
清华大学化学系博士 孙亚飞 审核意见:
关于这篇最新论文,其实还有一个值得关注的重要信息:血清里面这些环境有害化合物成分,到底达到什么浓度算高?在现有的资料中,确实还缺乏这方面数据。
这就引发另一个思考:暴露于这类物质的地区,本身就比较发达,人均寿命也高,而研究的相关疾病恰恰又是一些「富贵病」,
这些疾病和环境有害化合物的相关性到底多少?还是说存在一定的巧合?目前来看,还需要进一步研究才能明确。
全氟化合物和氯代物虽然都是脂溶性的,但它们是通过水扩散的,所以饮用水和水产品是最主要的摄入途径。对于长江流域,特别是下游地区来说,净水机是比较理想的解决思路。
策划:z_popeye|监制:gyouza、carollero
题图来源:视觉中国
参考资料:
[2]DDT and Its Derivatives: Environmental Aspects, Environmental Health Criteria monograph No. 83, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989, ISBN 9241542837
[3]http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/ddttech.pdf
[4]The Grasshopper Effect and Tracking Hazardous Air Pollutants. The Science and the Environment Bulletin. Environment Canada (May/June 1998).
[5]Rogan WJ, Chen A. Health risks and benefits of bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT). Lancet. 2005;366(9487):763-73. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67182-6
[6]Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Rosas LG, et al. The Pine River statement: human health consequences of DDT use. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(9):1359-67. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11748
[8]Swan SH, Colino S (February 2021). Count down: how our modern world is threatening sperm counts, altering male and female reproductive development, and imperiling the future of the human race. New York, USA: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-9821-1366-7.
[9]Lee JE, Choi K. Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid hormones in humans: epidemiological observations and implications. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017;22(1):6-14. doi: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.1.6
[10]Yu G, Jin M, Huang Y, et al. Environmental exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, maternal glucose homeostasis and the risk of gestational diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Environ Int. 2021;156:106621. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106621
[11]von Holst H, Nayak P, Dembek Z, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and immunity, allergic response, infection, and asthma in children: review of epidemiologic studies. Heliyon. 2021;12;7(10):e08160. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08160
[12]Pan K, Xu J, Long X, et al. The relationship between perfluoroalkyl substances and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2023;232:116362. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116362
[13]Steenland K, Zhao L, Winquist A, et al. Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the mid-Ohio valley. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(8):900-5. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1206449
[14]DeWitt JC, Peden-Adams MM, Keller JM, et al. Immunotoxicity of perfluorinated compounds: recent developments. Toxicol Pathol. 2012;40(2):300-11. doi: 10.1177/0192623311428473
[17]https://www.epa.gov/pfas/meaningful-and-achievable-steps-you-can-take-reduce-your-risk
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(min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-YELLOW: #ffc300;--weui-GREEN: #91d300;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #95ec69;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 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rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(225, 119, 25, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(0, 125, 187, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, 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#2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, 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#259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: 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.05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content em{font-style:italic}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}
div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}