人类在死亡之后,脑被认为是最先分解的器官之一。一直以来,在考古记录中发现的那些保存下来的人脑,被认为是“不寻常的”、“独特的”、“罕见的”。
然而,在一项新发表于《英国皇家学会学报B》上的研究则挑战了这一观点。研究人员发现,考古记录中保存的脑其实并没有那么罕见。
并不罕见的人脑记录
在新的研究中,研究人员从过去的考古记录中,整理出了4405个保存好的人脑。这些人脑有的来自古埃及和朝鲜的皇室,有的属于英国和丹麦的僧侣,还有的则来自北极探险家、印加牺牲者、西班牙内战士兵等等,最古老的可以追溯到12000年前。
所有的这些脑都普遍具有变色的、萎缩的(与活人的脑相比体积缩小)组织。不过,根据环境的不同,每一个脑的变色和萎缩程度都各不相同。此外,这些脑的质地也有所不同,有的是干而脆的,有的是像豆腐一样黏糊糊的。
脱水、冷冻、皂化(脂肪转化为“尸蜡”)、鞣制(通常与泥炭一起形成沼泽体)是四种保存人类遗骸软组织的典型方式。研究人员将数据库中的每个脑都与同一地区的历史气候数据相比对,揭示了与脱水、冷冻、皂化和鞣制相关的不同环境模式。
数据显示,有37.8%(1667个)的人脑样本是通过脱水而保存下来的;通过冷冻而保存下来的样本约占1.6%(70个);通过皂化保存下来的样本约有29.7%(1308个);通过鞣制而保存下来的约占0.7%(32个)。
由于生物组织的分解涉及到非常复杂的地球化学过程,因此一些保存机制之间可能存在重叠。例如,同时暴露在低温、低湿度和循环气流的脑,可能应该被更准确地描述为“冷冻干燥”,而不是单独的“冷冻”或“脱水”。
消失的其他软组织
除此之外,在新的研究中,研究人员还提出了第五种脑的保存方式,它们将其标记为“未知”。有接近1/3的样本(1328个,30.1%)是通过未知机制保存下来的。而在这1328个由未知机制保存下来的脑中,有1308多个脑,构成了其骨骼遗骸中唯一的软组织。
大约200年前,一个人脑碎片被埋在维多利亚时代的济贫院墓地。从淹水严重的坟墓里挖出来的骨头中没有其他软组织遗留下来。(图/Alexandra L. Morton-Hayward)
科学家早已知道,人类软组织可以通过人为因素或自然因素造成的一系列因素保存下来。因此,在考古记录中发现脑以及其他器官一同被保存下来并不足为奇。但是,除了脑之外,没有任何其他软组织被留存下来的情况,始终被认为是出人意料的罕见现象。
为什么其他软组织都已腐烂,而脑却仍然能保存下来?研究人员尚不知道答案,他们怀疑,这或许与器官的化学组成有关。
脑中的蛋白质和脂质有着独一无二的1:1的比例,而其他软组织中有更多的碳水化合物和非常不同的蛋白质与脂质比例。这个比例或许很关键,因为当铁等金属进入混合物时,它们可以促使蛋白质和脂质融合在一起并持续存在。这意味着,可能存在专属于中枢神经系统的保存机制,使神经组织可以被长时间保存。
现在,研究人员正在使用新的工具来更好地理解使脑可以被保存下来的分子机制。
研究的资源宝库
对生物考古学家来说,这些保存下来的软组织无疑是他们开展研究的资源宝库。软组织通常可以比单独的硬组织提供更深入和更广泛的信息。
这项新研究所描述的4405个人脑档案,或许能为我们了解人类早期进化提供一个重要的机会,并为人类的历史提供新的、独特的见解,帮助我们更好地理解古代的健康和疾病,以及人类认知和行为的演变。
#创作团队:
编译:糖兽
排版:雯雯
#参考来源:
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1038012
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/human-brains-archaeological-sites-preserved-archaeology
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2606
#图片来源:
封面图&首图:Alexandra L. Morton-Hayward
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.8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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