来源丨21新健康(Healthnews21)原创作品
/韩利明
/徐旭
图片/21图库
近日,“印度研发出只要1美元的革命性癌症防复发药片”消息在国内癌症患者中广泛流传。
据媒体报道称,孟买塔塔研究所(Tata Institute)经过十多年的广泛研究和测试,研制出一款含有白藜芦醇和铜(R+Cu)的促氧化剂药片,有望将放疗和化疗等癌症治疗的副作用降低约50%,并在预防癌症复发方面显示出30%的疗效。
报道显示,该药片的副作用已在老鼠和人体上进行测试,但预防测试只在老鼠身上进行,“人体试验预计需要不少于五年的时间才能完成。”Badve博士表示。而这款售价仅为100卢比(约为1.2美元)的药片,正在等待印度食品安全与标准局(FSSAL)的批准,可能在2024年6月至7月间上市。
癌症作为人类共敌,2024年2月2日,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC)最新发布的数据显示,2022年全球新增癌症病例数达到2000万例,死亡病例970万例,预计2050年的新增癌症病例数将超过3500万例,死亡率可能翻一倍。
近十几年来,癌症治疗和疾病管理在改善患者预后和生存质量方面取得了巨大进步。然而,癌症仍然是全球最重要的致死因素之一。日益加重的全球癌症负担,值得全世界高度重视。
对于印度这款“革命性”药物,前宾夕法尼亚大学医学院研究副教授、现杭州赛得康生物科技有限公司创始人张洪涛向21世纪经济报道表示,“白藜芦醇是一个保健品,是天然植物中或药材中的成分。目前没有任何证据和批文显示它可以作为一款药物来治疗任何疾病,不管是肿瘤还是阿尔茨海默病。”
希望还是炒作?
据报道,R+Cu的促氧化剂药片预计对胰腺癌、肺癌和口腔癌有效。
Badve 博士向印度媒体解释,“人类癌细胞被植入老鼠体内进行研究,并在老鼠体内形成肿瘤。然后对老鼠进行放疗、化疗和手术治疗。研究发现,当这些癌细胞死亡时,它们会碎裂成称为染色质颗粒的小块。这些微粒可以通过血液循环到达身体的其他部位,当它们进入健康细胞时,就会使它们变成癌细胞。”
针对这一问题,研究人员给大鼠服用了含有R+Cu的促氧化剂药片。R+Cu药片能产生氧自由基,有效破坏染色质颗粒。口服时,这些药片会在胃中释放氧自由基,并迅速进入血液。这一过程可防止无细胞染色质颗粒在血液循环中释放,并抑制癌细胞的移动,这一过程被称为转移。研究人员还声称,R+Cu片剂可减轻化疗带来的毒性。
21世纪经济报道记者发现,在多家印度媒体发布上述消息后不久,ICMR的荣誉科学家、工作于印度钦奈的马德拉斯糖尿病研究基金会 (MDRF) 的M Balasubramanyam 博士发表“R+Cu的癌症治疗前景:希望还是炒作?”文章指出,“孟买塔塔研究所开发出的新的、经济实惠的癌症治疗方法,可以防止癌症复发,堪称医学上的一大突破。但癌症治疗新闻既有希望也有炒作。”
据他介绍,这种药片针对的是癌症复发的潜在原因:癌细胞死亡时释放出的细胞碎片——细胞游离染色质颗粒(cfChPs),这些碎片会诱发健康细胞癌变。R+Cu含有白藜芦醇和铜,能在胃中产生氧自由基,进入血液并破坏这些cfChPs。
M Balasubramanyam博士强调,虽然研究人员将他们的发现称为“R+Cu的魔力”,但其中也有噱头,“癌症及其复发的根本机制更为复杂。以氧化还原平衡和铜平衡为靶点的R+Cu疗法就像一把‘双刃剑’。任何实验室研究结果都试图找到一种解决方案,同时也会带来新的问题和疑问。”
针对R+Cu在人体中的疗效和安全性,M Balasubramanyam博士罗列关键问题,包括在癌症复发方面,大鼠的研究结果能在多大程度上应用于人类;在进行R+Cu治疗之前,是否需要进行任何测试来评估患者体内的氧化还原平衡和氧化剂负担;在使用R+Cu之前,是否需要检测患者是否缺铜或铜毒性;固定剂量的R+Cu组合治疗是否理想;是否存在对该疗法无反应者。
对此,张洪涛向21世纪经济报道进一步表示,“针对癌细胞死亡时释放出的细胞碎片,到底是DNA、RNA,或者是其他的,必须要用实验证明这些‘碎片’确实能够使正常细胞癌变。”
此外,21世纪经济报道记者还注意到,2024年6月至7月作为关键节点,不同于媒体显示的药物上市节点,M Balasubramanyam博士表示该节点药物将进入人体临床试验。
张洪涛认为,“如果是作为一款保健品,在产品做好后上市销售没有问题,但不能按照药品销售。若要声称具备抗癌功能,必须要有临床试验进行证明,尤其是预防癌症,临床可能10年8年都做不完。但这其中也涉及到印度相关部门的监管力度。”
白藜芦醇是否有抗癌作用?
对于孟买塔塔研究所的R+Cu新药,业内存在不同观点。
有业内人士向21世纪经济报道表示,“对印度新药的上市批准流程不是很清楚,但一般要上临床才能上市。白藜芦醇虽然是保健品成分,但如果剂量大的纯品也不排除作为治疗药物的可能性,且对于白藜芦醇和铜之间的配比或合成关系尚不清楚,这需要更多的细节支持。”
一篇刊发于《新乡医学院学报》的《白藜芦醇的临床应用研究进展》显示,白藜芦醇是一种天然多酚类化合物,主要来源于花生、红葡萄、虎杖、桑葚等植物。白藜芦醇可作为心血管系统疾病和神经退行性疾病的预防药物,在心血管系统疾病、自身免疫性疾病、神经系统疾病、癌症等方面均有积极治疗作用。
2021年刊发于《International Journal of Molecular Sciences 》的文章显示,白藜芦醇能够调节几种与癌症相关的分子机制,这表明它可能作为癌症管理的佐剂应用。尽管在体外研究中观察到不同癌症类型的有希望的效果,但由于白藜芦醇的生物利用度低,临床转化仍然存在很大的局限性。
21世纪经济报道以“白藜芦醇”为关键词,在智慧芽新药情报库中搜索到两款小分子化药,靶点均为SIRT1。其中一款是由加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校和Naked Biome研发,适应症为寻常痤疮,目前处于临床1期。另一款由Protheragen研发用于治疗阿尔茨海默病,目前处于临床前。
基于上述数据,白藜芦醇对于癌症的相关疗效尚未有上市药物的临床数据进行背书。但随着人口老龄化和人口快速增长,叠加相关风险因素不断变化,癌症仍是横亘在人类文明进程中的一座大山,不少药企和社会力量也在着力攻克。
21世纪经济报道注意到,近期在癌症治疗领域的合作与突破不断。3月13日,Pearl Bio宣布与默沙东(MSD)签订一项高达10亿美元的许可、合作和选择协议,将通过其专有的GRO(Genomically Recoded Organisms)平台,以共同发现与开发针对癌症、包含非标准氨基酸的生物制品疗法。
此外,《新英格兰医学杂志》(NEJM)上刊登的一项研究显示,3名复发性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)患者在接受名为CARv3-TEAM-E的CAR-T细胞疗法治疗后,大脑肿瘤在1-5天快速缩小,其中一名患者的肿瘤在第5天时几乎完全消失。
Asgard Therapeutics公司宣布完成3000万欧元交易,用于支持其主打项目AT-108在2026年前达到递交IND申请的状态等。基于多篇发表在Science Immunology上的论文,AT-108在患者衍生的体外模型以及啮齿动物体内模型中实现了临床前概念验证。这一疗法已经将接近100种不同类型的癌细胞转变为免疫细胞。即使作为单一疗法,在动物中也激发了强力的抗肿瘤免疫反应和远端效应(abscopal effect)。
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.05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: 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