妇科门诊,25岁的姑娘南南(化名)愁眉不展,最近4年,她的体重涨了40斤,平素就月经推迟的她,这下月经就更不爱来了。
仔细询问病史,南南主诉:停经40天。12岁月经初潮,平素月经7-8/37-40,量偏多,轻微痛经,末次月经:2024年2月1日,量少。近4年体重增长40斤,近3年月经周期延长,45天~5个月,去年因为停经5个月中药调理,服药后阴道少量出血。南南工作压力偏大,熬夜,自觉进食量正常,较少吃零食,工作后运动少。婚育史:未婚,孕0。近期无男友。
查体:身高:1.60米,体重:80千克,BMI:31.25,面部散在痤疮,上唇可见小胡子,乳晕有一根粗毛,无溢乳。余未见异常。
盆腔B超和性激素6项,结果回报如下:
盆腔B超:子宫前位,大小形态未见异常,内膜厚约5mm,回声均匀,子宫肌层回声均匀,双侧附件区未见明显囊实性包块。
性激素回报:雌二醇(E2):50.27pg/mL(换算后),促卵泡激素(FSH):4.81IU/L,促黄体生成素:8.01U/L,催乳素(PRL):108.85uIU/L,孕酮(PRG):0.97ng/mL(换算后),睾酮(TT):1.38nmol/L。
抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH):16ng/ml
根据:2023年《多囊卵巢综合征诊治路径专家共识》,采用鹿特丹标准,①月经异常如稀发排卵或无排卵;②高雄激素血症的临床表现和/或高雄激素血症;③PCOM(卵巢多囊样改变)。符合上述其中2条,排除其他引起排卵障碍的疾病(包括甲状腺功能异常、卵巢早衰、下丘脑-垂体闭经、高催乳素血症等),以及引起高雄激素血症的疾病(包括Cushing综合征、分泌雄激素的内分泌肿瘤等),即可诊断。
南南目前诊断:1、PCOS(多囊卵巢综合征);2、肥胖
不打算要孩子,多囊卵巢综合征需要治疗吗?
该病可能导致的危害:
1、不孕:卵巢稀发排卵或者无排卵,导致无排卵性不孕。
2、子宫内膜病变:卵巢没有排卵,则没有孕激素的产生。没有孕激素拮抗雌激素保护子宫内膜,雌激素长时间作用子宫内膜,刺激子宫内膜增殖,增加子宫内膜病变的风险,可能导致子宫内膜癌变。
3、并发症:如高雄激素症(满脸痘痘、多毛等)、代谢异常(糖尿病、高血脂等)。
4、心理压力增大:月经不规律、不孕、严重的痤疮、肥胖等情况,容易影响精神、情绪及生活质量。
关于治疗,北京协和医院妇科内分泌科的郁琦教授指出:PCOS(多囊卵巢综合征)是一种慢性疾病,贯穿整个生命周期,关乎女性一生的健康,需要进行长期的管理。对于无生育要求的PCOS育龄期女性,要积极使用药物调整月经周期以降低子宫内膜癌的发生风险。
如何治疗?南南没有生育要求,存在高雄激素血症。
1.调整生活方式:体质量减轻对于肥胖型PCOS的治疗效果已得到有效验证,体质量减轻5%~10%后,患者排卵、月经周期、胰岛素抵抗均可得到改善。减重也应循序渐进,一般以6个月完成减重目标为宜。
(1)饮食控制:建议吃低升糖指数(glycemic index,GI)食物,多吃不饱和脂肪酸,同时摄入丰富的维生素、矿物质及膳食纤维,改变不良的饮食习惯。
合并超重或者肥胖的患者,可以限定能量摄入量比标准摄入量减少30%,或减少2 100~3 100 kJ/d(5 000~6 300 kJ/d),避免过度限制和营养不均衡。
(2)合理运动:建议中等强度运动至少150 min/周,适用于18~64岁的成年人;或身体素质允许者可进行高强度运动,至少75 min/周;或中高等强度运动换比等效组合。这些运动应包括每周至少2 天的非连续的增强肌肉力量的活动。避免久坐。
2.调整月经周期:短效复方口服避孕药(combined oral contraceptive,COC):育龄期PCOS女性,若暂无生育需求,推荐首选短效COC治疗。推荐有多毛、痤疮等高雄激素临床表现或高雄激素血症的青春期及有避孕需求的育龄期女性首选短效COC。
因为目前南南停经40天,盆腔超声提示子宫内膜5mm,激素提示:无排卵,双侧卵巢无大卵泡,考虑处于早卵泡期。她的BMI:31.25诊断肥胖,我给南南开了雌激素含量较低的剂型屈螺酮炔雌醇片(优思明),调整月经的同时,治疗痤疮和多毛,既往建议用药3~6个月可停药3个月观察月经恢复情况,必要时再次周期性服用。目前主张若无药物禁忌,可长期服用。
建议完善甲状腺功能、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定空腹血糖、服糖后2小时血糖水平;空腹血脂指标测定;肝功能检查。对于患者出现心血管及代谢相关疾病时,依据相关指南给予治疗,合理选择不同专科介入的多学科合作的综合治疗。
多囊卵巢综合征的患者人际交往敏感、焦虑、抑郁、偏执,医生也要关注患者的精神状态,鼓励患者积极的心态对待疾病。关注患者身心健康,保护患者隐私,给予积极引导,必要时可转诊至心理医学科等相关学科进一步干预治疗。
太原市妇幼保健院生殖内分泌科李艳主任点评:多囊卵巢综合征患者由于稀发排卵或无排卵,缺乏孕激素,故可以使用口服孕激素或复方口服避孕药(COC)治疗。COC更适合于同时伴有高雄激素的患者,但因其含有雌激素,故不宜用于有血栓高风险的患者。此患者诊断为多囊卵巢综合征,同时伴有高雄激素临床表现,从机理上使用COC更适合,但是患者严重肥胖,可能已经存在代谢性疾病,尤其糖代谢异常,为血栓高风险人群,使用COC血栓风险高。目前治疗方案:做相关检查,明确是否存在代谢性疾病,尤其是糖代谢异常(需要做胰岛素释放实验和糖耐量试验);改善生活方式,减脂增肌,增加机体对胰岛素敏感性,胰岛素抵抗可导致雄激素升高,在有效控制体重,积极治疗胰岛素抵抗后(常使用二甲双胍),高雄激素临床表现就会得到明显改善;定期每月给予孕激素保护子宫内膜,规律月经,待患者体重改善后,也可以使用COC治疗。
北京朝阳医院生殖中心与妇科内分泌主任医师、博士后刘姗主任点评:患者停经40天,我个人的经验更倾向于先用孕激素来一次月经,而后续雌孕激素周期序贯治疗适用于少数由于内源性雌激素不足致子宫内膜薄的PCOS患者,常用治疗方案为口服雌二醇1~2 mg/天,每周期21~28 天,在后半周期的10~14 天加用孕激素。结合患者目前的B超结果和性激素,提示卵巢基础状态,口服复方口服避孕药(COC)也可以,患者BMI:31.25,排除其他药物禁忌,选择雌激素含量较低的剂型屈螺酮炔雌醇片(优思明),短期服用没问题,动态观察有无不良反应。从长远来看,生活方式的改变,减轻体重,患者排卵、月经周期、胰岛素抵抗均可得到改善,要持之以恒。治疗痤疮和多毛,既往建议口服复方口服避孕药(COC)用药3~6个月可停药3个月,观察月经恢复情况。目前主张若无药物禁忌,可长期服用。
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