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都喜欢说宋代重文轻武,没有培养出几个能够名垂千古的猛将,以至于北宋总是挨打,这样的结论实在是有点片面了。单说北宋一朝,军事成就最高的除了扫南方的宋太祖和平北汉的宋太宗时期,就要属宋哲宗时期了。
而哲宗时期就出了一位文进士到疆场的名将,以文才出名,却能帮助北宋扩展西北疆域,把多年宿敌西夏打得直接自闭。如果哲宗和他活得再久一点,说不定就能在有生之年解决西夏问题了。这位老兄怎么这么厉害呢?
历任地方,文采斐然
章楶他出身于北宋的著名官宦世家,祖父章频曾任侍御史,叔父章得象是仁宗朝的宰相,因此他得到祖辈官荫,当上了将作监主簿和孟州司户参军。有这么优秀的家庭环境不说,他还长得英俊潇洒,有过人的文学天赋,练得一手好武艺,真就是男神一样的存在了。一般人要是有这样的条件,可能就会选择躺平享受了吧。
可能够在史书留名的,有几个又是一般人呢?只靠恩荫过活的生活他是不愿意过的,一定要靠自己的努力闯出一片天地来。经过十多年的努力,他终于在38岁这一年(1065年)来到了礼部进士考试的门前。正在这时候,他听说父亲章访被冤枉而入狱,正在河北魏县对质。于是他当即决定先放弃考试,赶赴魏县替父亲辩冤。等到这件事做完后,他马不停蹄得跑回京城,刚好赶上开考前一刻进入考场。
这么匆匆忙忙的赶路,换一般人可能心态都要炸了,但是章楶不仅没有炸,还考了第一名省元,成为当时的学霸传奇。随后他被任命为陈留知县,历任提举陕西常平、京东转运判官、提点荆湖北路刑狱、成都府路转运副使。他在担任地方官的这些年,正值朝廷展开王安石变法时期,新旧党政愈演愈烈。但是章楶并不参与其中,而是在地方上做的风生水起,同新旧两党大臣都能保持较好的关系。
在地方任职期间,他一度成为著名的婉约派词人。宋神宗元丰四年(1081),章楶正担任提点荆湖北路刑狱,一日望见柳絮飞舞的场景,触景生情,作了一首《水龙吟·杨花》:“燕忙莺懒芳,正堤上柳花飘。轻飞乱舞,点画青林,全无才思......时见蜂儿,仰粘轻粉,鱼吞池水。望章台路杳,金鞍游荡,有盈盈泪。”词作委婉地表达思妇的寂寞和哀愁,说它是柳永、李清照这样的婉约词代表人物写的都没毛病。
苏轼谪居黄州时,就曾寄章楶信夸他这首词:“《柳花》词妙绝,使来者何以措词。本不敢继作,又思公正柳花飞时出巡按,坐想四子,闭门愁断,故写其意,次韵一首寄去,亦告不以示人也。《七夕》词亦录呈。”能得到苏东坡这样的中国历史顶级文豪如此夸赞,可见他的水平是杠杠的。其后他写的《声声令》等词作都得到了很多好评,被赞为柳永之后北宋婉约词的代表人物之一。
宋哲宗元祐二年(1087),章楶以60岁的花甲年龄回到朝廷,任吏部郎中。御史孫升认为章楶在湖北时曲意逢迎內臣甘承立,使得当地有很多冤假错案,因而弹劾他。屁股还没坐热,章楶就被外放至越州了。元祐六年(1091),章楶以直龙图阁出任环庆路经略安抚使,兼知庆州。这时候的他也不会想到,自己即将迎来人生当中最高光的时刻。
沉稳有方,克敌制胜
宋神宗是锐意进取,变法图新的君主,积极对西夏作战,一度取得了不错的成绩,但是在五路伐夏的军事行动中受到严重挫败,使得他大受打击,一病不起,年仅38岁就驾崩了。宋哲宗年仅9岁便继位,由高太后临朝称制。高太后是站在旧党一边的,对于西北边事持保守态度,下令边境,还将葭芦、米脂、浮图、安疆四寨割让给西夏,想让西夏归还在永乐城之战中俘虏的宋朝军民。西夏得到四寨后,不但没有满足宋朝息事宁人的愿望,反而更认为宋朝软弱可欺,侵略边境更加频繁。西夏掌权的梁太后,更是怀着当年李元昊那样打入关中,入主中原的愿望。
面对这样的局势,章楶提出:“西夏嗜利畏威,如不给予惩罚,边境不得休兵。应当逐步蚕食西夏疆土,“如古削地之制”,然后派各路出兵,扼守要害之处。如此发动几次攻势,西夏肯定就要凉凉了。” 这也就是利用宋朝的步兵优势修建堡垒,对抗西夏的骑兵优势,从而步步为营蚕食土地的方略。
章楶屡次派遣轻兵袭扰西夏城寨,西夏人忍不住了,梁太后于元祐七年(1092年)亲率大军出兵环州,进攻木波镇。章楶事先探知西夏人的动向,一面命宋军在木波镇坚守,一面派出身西北折家的猛将折可适在洪德砦埋伏一万精兵。章楶定下计谋:敌进我退,等到敌人认为我军怯战,不防备我们的边垒时,就衔枚由间道迂回其后,或者埋伏在山谷中,伺机阶段其归路,同时在夏军的水源中下毒。
夏军见难以攻克木波镇,开始撤军。章楶命宋军尾随其后,在梁太后经过洪德砦时,伏兵四起。夏军虽然安排了精锐骑兵断后,但是在宋军的奋力搏杀下,夏军大溃逃,相互践踏、坠崖而死的不计其数,梁太后都几乎做了俘虏,丢弃帷帐化装逃跑。洪德砦大捷打出了章楶的威名,被任命为权户部侍郎。西夏人,你们的克星来了!
元祐八年(1093年),高太后去世,16岁的宋哲宗亲政,章楶的堂弟章惇官拜宰相,而章楶先被派做同州知州,随后改知应天府,1095年又加集贤殿修撰,改为权知广州,再调为江淮发运使。此时西北边防基本是新党强硬派在掌管,比如鄜延路经略使吕惠卿在上任的五十日内,组织了十四次小规模的出击行动,攻取宥州。夏崇宗李乾顺于1096年率号称五十万大军亲征,攻陷金明寨(今陕西安塞南),杀死近三千宋军。夏军占据横山,并河为寨,四出抢掠。宋军主动迎战,攻取葭芦。
梁太后命右厢一带首领遣使从间道至环庆路,诈言“愿举族归汉”。章楶遣将钟傅、折可适率兵前往迎接这些部族首领,结果遇到夏军伏兵,而这一波突然袭击竟然也没有取得多少战果,钟傅等全师而还。绍圣四年(1097年),夏军再次进攻,宋军乘虚攻破没烟峡寨,斩首三千余级。七万夏军攻绥德,六万攻麟州,都没有成功。宋军修建的葭芦城刚刚竣工,就被夏军包围,好在宋军援军及时到达击退夏军,再冲入夏境内斩首两千余级。双方就这样反复拉锯。
威震西夏,打回和平
宋哲宗咨询对边境形势的良策,章楶提出在胡芦河川筑城堡,不断压缩西夏战略空间的方略。哲宗同意,命他出知渭州。章楶公开在边境修筑数十座城池,假装龟缩防守,暗中却率领四路兵马出胡芦河川,用二十天时间在石门峡江口好水河南边筑起平夏城(今宁夏回族自治区固原市原州区西北)和灵平寨两座城关。平夏城就是取“平定西夏”之意。
西夏人发现章楶的行动,马上攻打灵平寨,但是因宋军扼守险要地势而没有成功。梁太后和夏崇宗率领十余万人转而进攻平夏城,章楶则调动了熙河、秦凤、环庆、泾原四路兵马,总计八万精兵和西夏人决战。章楶先派折可适凭借堡垒固守,借助瓮城的护城河和城墙等地形优势死战不退。折可适在守城的同时,以小股敢死队不断突袭西夏军队,让西夏人的进攻一筹莫展。
随后章楶调部分宋军在半夜渡河,在夏军背后山丘修筑临时小寨,力起拒马,用巨弩居高临下射击夏军,其他路的宋军也在向夏军围城部队迂回。面对宋军的分割包围,西夏军队采取人海战术,每个士兵随身携带干草和铁锹,前排士兵冲锋,后排士兵不断挖掘泥土,配以束草填平壕沟,用铁锹暴力挖掘城墙,试图像之前攻打永乐城那样一股破城。
就在平夏城即将城破之即,章楶带领宋将姚雄、姚古等率军冲入夏军大阵,与城内守军里应外合大开无双。夏军再也坚持不住,大败而逃,梁太后母子两狼狈逃回都城。第一次平夏城战役以宋军大获全胜而告结束。此战章楶调度有方,能及时把握战机化被动为主动,给予夏军重大杀伤。同年八月,宋军攻入西夏,包围夏州,大败夏将嵬名乞勒。随后宋军接连攻取了会州、盐州、兰州等地,在南牟会置西安州、葭芦寨置晋宁军。
元符元年(1098年),在章楶的策划下,宋夏以沙漠为界,宋军往前修筑进筑城寨五十余所,一步步往西夏腹地推进。西夏人怒言:“唱歌作乐地,都被汉家(指北宋)占却,后何以堪?”当年十月,梁太后迫于国内党项贵族嵬名氏的夺权压力,再次集结号称三十万兵力进攻平夏城。这次她吸取了上次攻城失败的教训,准备采用围点打援的战术,派大将嵬名阿埋攻城,妹勒都率领骑兵在宋军援军将要来临的路上准备伏击。
章楶看出了西夏人的打算,派副将郭成镇守平夏城,提拔郭成为主将,并当众祝酒勉励他要坚守十五日,十五日后宋军肯定会回来解围。夏军攻城部队准备了上百辆可以抵挡弓弩的工程车推到城下,而郭成镇命令士兵发射火箭和倾倒硫磺等易燃物,将夏军烧得人仰马翻。同时宋军的神臂弓手在城墙上对夏军进行定点狙杀。郭成镇守城十三天,敌众我寡,逐渐要支持不住了。
章楶此时正率军和妹勒都的骑兵作战,抽不出身前去救援。正在这时候上天帮了一把宋军,东北方向突然刮起了一场巨大的沙尘暴,将攻城的西夏军吹得都睁不开眼睛,工程车也被吹倒。夏军士兵连日鏖战早就疲惫不堪,粮草也要耗尽了,不知是谁喊了一句说这是上天的谴责,向来迷信的西夏人顿时吓得作鸟兽散,站在高处指挥作战的梁太后只能哭着离开战场。而章楶杀退西夏骑兵前来救援,再次里应外合大破夏军,斩首两万余级,斩杀夏将罔罗,俘虏嵬名阿埋。
梁太后在遭遇大败之后,知道回去没有好果子吃了,带着剩下的军队在泾原边想要再捞一把战果,趁着宋军主力驻扎在葫芦河一代的时候,派人偷袭镇戎军寨并焚烧。随后夏军在回军途中遇到大雪,人马冻死无数。梁太后回到朝中,果然被贵族发动政变赶下台,夏崇宗亲政,一边遣使向辽国求援,一边向宋朝请和。辽国催促宋朝放弃并归还所有占领的土地、堡寨给西夏,宋方自然予以拒绝,但是表示会和西夏进行和谈。
为了表彰章楶等将的战功,宋哲宗亲坐紫宸殿,接受文武百官祝贺,当场擢升章楶官职至枢密直学士、龙图阁端明殿学士,进阶大中大夫。章楶在宋夏合议达成之前,继续推进鄜延、河东和麟府三路建成防线,巩固了经黄河到会州,再沿天都山北峦穿过没烟峡,最后抵达平夏城的领土,从而对西夏心腹地带形成威胁。夏军此时国力大损,无力提出反对意见,只能遣使用辞谦卑地请罪,确定了两国的新疆界。
章楶能够取得如此大的战功,和堂弟章惇的支持是分不开的。1100年,年仅23岁的宋哲宗英年早逝,宋徽宗即位。章惇之前反对宋徽宗即位,被外放贬官。而章楶以年老为由辞官,宋徽宗也很欣赏章楶的才能,对他加以挽留,拜他为同知枢密院事,加通议大夫,同时让章楶的儿子章縡在开封做官,以便就近奉养章楶。
崇宁元年(1102年),章楶赶到自己时日无多,极力请求辞官退休。宋徽宗只能授其为资政殿学士、中太一宫使,同意他致仕。没过多久,章楶就去世了,享年75岁。宋徽宗尽管当皇帝不靠谱,但还是想开疆拓土建立功业的,对章楶这样的名将去世十分感伤,亲临章楶府第祭奠,下诏追赠章楶为右银青光禄大夫,随后后加赠太师,追封秦国公,谥号“庄简”,给予了非常丰厚的抚恤。
纵观章楶一生,前大半辈子都是在地方当官,在施政和家庭教育方面都十分用心,本以为会以宋初名臣张咏那种方式度过余生,或者以著名婉约派词人为名流芳青史。没想到到了老年时候还能在西北打出辉煌战功,助力哲宗一朝成为宋朝军事上的一个高峰,实乃文武双全也。能活得如此精彩,真是不枉此生了!
参考资料:张玉海 《简论宋夏平夏之战》
(本文仅代表观点,不代表本号立场)
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#8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}