哈勃太空望远镜是在太空中绕地球而行的望远镜。它早已成为天文学家最重要的仪器。不久前，它刚拍摄了新的影像，现在，这些还未广为人知的宇宙新影像将呈现在您的面前。

“尘埃”中诞生的恒星

左图所展示的是NGC6357大星云中的其中一座星团——pismis24。星云是由宇宙尘、氢气和氦气等物质聚集而成的星际云，是恒星的起源之地，其中的气体、尘埃和其他物质不断地相互碰撞和挤压，同时通过万有引力作用吸引并吸收周围的物质，最后形成恒星（我们的太阳也是这么形成的）。所以，在这片厚厚的尘埃云中，有着许多刚形成的“婴儿”恒星，也有着许多处于青春期的年轻恒星。

pismis24星团中的那颗最亮的恒星就是刚形成不久的，它的质量大约是太阳的300倍，被认为是银河系中质量最大的恒星。

但由于尘埃云的遮挡，普通的天文望远镜是观察不到这些恒星的，不过，好在哈勃太空望远镜不仅能够观测可见光，还能观测到紫外线以及一些红外线。这样，天文学家就可以观察星团中的恒星，并研究恒星是如何形成与发展的了。

恒星冲击波

这个“泡泡”，就是被称为NGC7635的泡泡星云。这座泡泡星云之所以是图中的那个样子，是因为它里面有一个非常活泼的“年轻小伙”，这年轻小伙“正”不断地向外释放气体和恒星风。

这位年轻小伙是一颗质量为太阳的45倍的恒星。它所释放的气体和恒星风以每小时650万千米的速度移动，而这股气体和恒星风在向外扩张的过程中，会与星云当中的其他物质发生碰撞，然后使碰撞的区域升温并发光，于是我们所看到的“泡泡”就形成了。

赫比格-哈罗喷射流

我们现在看到的是赫比格-哈罗喷射流，它将持续几万年的时间，由非常年轻的恒星形成的。能形成赫比格-哈罗喷射流的恒星往往只有几万到几百万的年龄，有的年龄甚至只有几千年。天文学家还不清楚赫比格-哈罗喷射流的真实形成原因，但他们已有一些推测。

恒星刚形成的时候，会在其周围留下一个由气体和尘埃组成的圆盘（有的圆盘最终会消失并形成一颗颗行星）。与此同时，恒星还会继续从外部吸收物质，其中一些被吸收物质等离子化，然后它们会被恒星的两极向外“排斥”出去。这股等离子气流速度为每秒数百千米，随后，它与路过的各种物质相互碰撞并发出光，于是便形成我们所看到这样。

在哈勃望远镜的帮助下，天文学家能更好地观察赫比格-哈罗喷射流的变化。他们还有了新的发现：在所有产生赫比格-哈罗喷射流的星系当中，其中约有80%为双星系或多星系（两个或多个恒星相互环绕而行）。

热得“发光”的超大质量黑洞

这座叫做NGC5033的旋涡星系是一座跟我们身处的银河系大小差不多的星系，它的直径约为10万光年。NGC5033星系与银河系相距38万～60万光年。NGC5033星系的核心是一个超大质量的黑洞，其质量是太阳的几亿倍。

这个超大质量的黑洞非常活跃，也非常明亮。黑洞不是连光都能吸收的吗？那么它怎么会发光呢？黑洞及其附近确实是一片黑暗，然而，由于其引力非常大，即使在相隔很远的地方，都有物质被源源不断地“吸引”，在这遥远距离被吸引的物质当中甚至还有恒星。这些物质在被吸引的过程中，会被加速和加热，并发出X射线，又因为它们与黑洞的距离足够远，黑洞在这里的引力无法“抓住”光，所以，X射线得以向外传播，然后被哈勃望远镜观测到。而NGC5033星系的超大质量黑洞引力更大，这个黑洞所吸引的物质也就更多，这些物质也更热，并且发出的X射线也更多，于是乎，在哈勃望远镜“看”来，这个黑洞也就非常“明亮”了。

天文学家通过哈勃望远镜对所有的大质量星系进行长时间的观察，然后发现这些大质量星系（包括了我们身处的银河系）都有一个超大质量的黑洞作为核心。如今，越来越多的天文学家相信，超大质量的黑洞对星系的形成有着非常关键的作用。

只有一颗行星的恒星系

如今，我们或许都知道并不是只有太阳系这一个恒星系。在距离太阳系约25光年的地方，存在着这么一个恒星系，它里面的恒星只有一颗行星与之相伴。如图所示，这个恒星系的名字叫做北落师门系，其中的恒星就叫做北落师门。

北落师门是一颗年轻的恒星，年龄不到3亿年。它的质量和直径分别约为太阳的1.92倍和1.84倍，另外，其亮度大约是太阳的16.6倍。北落师门被一个由尘埃和其他物质组成的圆盘包围着。这个圆盘的半径是200亿千米，这个距离是冥王星到太阳距离的3倍还多一些。

起初，天文学家认为北落师门是孤单的，不过在2008年，天文学家在利用哈勃望远镜对北落师门系进行长时间的观察后发现，有一个明亮的点正缓慢地绕着北落师门移动。随后天文学家确认了那是一颗行星，他们称之为北落师门b行星，这颗行星也是哈勃望远镜捕获的第一颗能用可见光照相机拍摄的行星。

擦肩而过生新星

“银河系将来会与另一座星系相撞！”虽然这听起来非常危险，甚至让人感觉恐怖，但是这其实并非想象中的那么绝望。两座星系之间的恒星与恒星相撞的可能性并不高（因为恒星与恒星之间相隔非常远，足以容下另一颗、甚至多颗恒星），而且两座星系的相撞是正常现象，另外，星系相撞也是恒星诞生和演变的主要方式。当两座星系相撞或是擦肩而过时，它们内部的尘埃和气体会相互搅动，然后形成一团物质，接下来会有新恒星在这团物质中诞生。

左下图中的是两座正擦肩而过的星系，它们的旋臂都因此被拉扯变形了。我们可以看见在两座星系的旋臂当中，有着许多明亮的蓝色星星。这些蓝色星星就是新生的恒星。虽然这两座星系没有相撞，但相互擦过所产生的巨大湍流足以搅动这两座星系的的尘埃和气体，形成能诞生新恒星的星团物质。

天文学家之所以能观察到这样的美景，这还得归功于哈勃望远镜的高分辨率紫外线照相机，这可是其他同类望远镜所没有的。

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