导言
强直性脊柱炎(简称AS)是一种持续性的慢性炎症性病症,被归类于风湿性免疫系统疾病。它主要攻击脊柱和骶髂关节,造成持续的疼痛和僵硬感。随着疾病的进展,炎症有可能促进脊柱内部分关节的融合,进而引起脊柱变硬,这种现象通常被称作“竹节脊”。尽管强直性脊柱炎对脊柱的影响最为明显,但它也可能影响到大型关节(如髋关节)以及一些非关节结构。
01
强直性脊柱炎的典型症状
AS的症状因个体差异而异,主要表现为:
1. 持续的腰背部疼痛和僵硬,特别是在夜间或长时间休息后更为严重,而进行适度活动后可获得缓解。
2. 脊柱变得僵硬且活动范围受限。
3. 疼痛可能上行至颈部或下行至臀部和大腿。
4. 一些病例中,患者可能遭受外围关节炎症,特别是下肢的大关节。
5. 非关节性症状可能包括眼炎、皮疹、肠炎和心血管问题。
02
强直性脊柱炎的治疗方法
虽然强直性脊柱炎(AS)目前尚无法彻底治愈,但通过一系列综合性治疗措施,可以有效地控制症状,改善患者的生活质量,并延缓疾病的进展。以下是治疗AS的几种方法:
一、非药物治疗:
1.物理疗法:物理治疗师将根据患者的具体情况设计个性化的锻炼计划,旨在维持或提升脊柱的柔韧性,增强肌肉力量,以减轻疼痛和僵硬。常用的物理治疗手段包括热疗、艾灸、冷敷、电刺激和超声波治疗等。
2.功能性锻炼:旨在提升患者的日常生活功能,包括拉伸、增强和有氧运动。特别推荐游泳和水上健身,因为水的浮力可减少关节的负担。
二、药物治疗:
1.非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs):作为控制AS症状的首选药物,能够有效缓解疼痛和炎症。需注意长期使用可能带来的胃肠道和肾脏副作用。
2.生物制剂:适用于对NSAIDs无效的患者,通过针对性抑制炎症介质(如肿瘤坏死因子[TNF]和白细胞介素17[IL-17]),减少炎症。包括TNF阻断剂(如恩替卡普、阿达木单抗)和IL-17抑制剂(如西库昔单抗)。
3.JAK抑制剂:针对JAK-STAT信号传导路径的新兴治疗选择,适合一部分对TNF抑制剂无反应的患者。
4.其他药物:包括传统的疾病修饰性抗风湿药(DMARDs),如硫唑嘌呤和甲氨蝶呤,主要用于治疗伴随外周关节炎的AS。小剂量的糖皮质激素可用于短期内控制炎症。
三、手术治疗:
1.针刀治疗:一种结合了针灸和小刀疗法的中医治疗手段,近年来在治疗强直性脊柱炎(AS)中显示出一定的疗效和优势。这种方法结合了中医经络学说和现代解剖学、病理学原理,通过特制的针刀直接作用于患者病变的肌肉、筋膜和关节等部位,旨在疏通经络、活血化瘀、缓解疼痛和改善关节功能。
有以下症状的患者可以采用针刀治疗:
①强直性脊柱炎患者中的腰背部疼痛、僵硬等症状,特别是对传统治疗效果不佳的患者。
②患者存在肌肉痉挛、筋膜粘连或关节功能受限等情况。
2.外科手术:在AS导致严重关节损伤或畸形,且非药物及药物治疗均无效时,可能需要考虑手术,如髋关节或膝关节置换。
03
生活方式和自我管理
1.戒烟:吸烟可加重AS病情,戒烟对疾病控制有益。
2.维持良好的坐姿和睡姿:有助于减轻脊柱负担,避免畸形。
3.定期进行物理治疗和锻炼:对于维持关节灵活性和肌肉力量,减少疼痛和僵硬十分重要。
05
结 语
强直性脊柱炎是一种需要长期面对的疾病,一定要早发现早治疗。通过综合运用药物治疗、适当的运动及生活方式调整,大多数患者能够有效地控制症状,延缓疾病进展,可以跟正常人一样工作和生活。
温馨提醒
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#8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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