审校 小勺 小冰 小象
制版 阿金
生物学
Biology
Evolutionary novelties underlie sound production in baleen whales
演化创新是须鲸发声基础
Genetic determinants of micronucleus formation in vivo
体内微核形成的遗传决定因素
Multisensory gamma stimulation promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid
声光刺激治疗促进淀粉样蛋白的类淋巴清除
Neuronal dynamics direct cerebrospinal fluid perfusion and brain clearance
神经元动力学引导脑脊液灌注和脑清除
（导读 领研网）神经活动会不可避免地产生代谢废物，而代谢废物累积是许多神经系统疾病的主要原因。本研究对睡眠状态的小鼠活体进行了电生理实验的细胞外记录，同时通过脑电图（EEG）和肌电图（EMG）来监测它们的全脑状态，发现神经细胞会以一种协调一致的方式发射电信号来驱动清洁工作，此时在大脑中会产生有节奏的波，在整个睡眠周期中会发生变化。结果表明神经元是大脑清除的主要组织者，为宏观脑电波的功能引入了新理论框架。[相关报道：睡好觉，才能加速大脑“排毒”！神经元会助你高效清除废物]
Identification of direct connections between the dura and the brain
确定硬脑膜和大脑之间的直接连接
（导读 阿金）蛛网膜屏障确定了中枢神经系统和硬脑膜之间的边界。本研究使用转录组数据开发出转基因小鼠模型，以检验作为蛛网膜屏障通道的特定解剖结构。桥联的静脉在穿过蛛网膜屏障是创造了一系列不连贯点，形成了蛛网膜袖出口（ACE）点。而ACE点的开口允许蛛网膜下腔和硬脑膜之间进行流体与分子交换，排出脑脊液，限制硬脑膜分子进入蛛网膜下腔。在神经炎症情况下，ACE点能进行细胞转运，为免疫细胞直接进入提供通路。该结果揭示了ACE点在神经免疫交流解剖方面的关键组成部分。[论文详细信息]
Visuo-frontal interactions during social learning in freely moving macaques
自由活动猕猴在社会学习过程中视觉-额叶的相互作用
（导读 严冰冰）本文以猕猴社交为研究对象，同时无线记录视觉皮层、前额叶皮层的群体神经元发放活动及眼动事件。在猕猴学习合作的过程中，视觉区域与执行区域重构了对社交变量（如同伴或奖赏）的表征。群体活动解码发现，观看社交信号会影响合作决定。学习社交事件将增加视觉皮层与前额叶皮层神经元的协同发放，并与神经元群体编码社交信号及合作决定的准确性提高相关。本文提示，视觉-额叶皮层网络优先处理相关感官信号，以促进自然环境中的社交学习。[论文详细信息]
Redefining the treponemal history through pre-Columbian genomes from Brazil
通过巴西前哥伦布时期的基因组重新定义密螺旋体的历史
（导读 领研网）一种流行的说法是哥伦布的水手和士兵在1492年返回南美洲后将性传播梅毒从欧洲带到了新大陆，导致那里的人口迅速减少。本研究在大约2000年前的巴西骨骼遗骸中发现了梅毒螺旋体的遗传痕迹，证实早在哥伦布发现美洲之前，人类就患有类似于梅毒的疾病，被称为密螺旋体病。[相关报道：遗传考古学质疑欧洲人将梅毒带到美洲的传统说法]
Structure of human phagocyte NADPH oxidase in the activated state
激活状态下人类吞噬细胞NADPH氧化酶的结构
（导读 领研网）吞噬细胞NADPH氧化酶是一种蛋白质复合物，其核心有NOX2和p22亚基组成，负责将电子从细胞内NADPH转移到细胞外氧。本研究报告了人类NOX2-p22复合体结构，由三个细胞因子p47、p67和Rac1的片段激活。P67-Rac1复合物夹住NOX2的脱氢酶结构，诱导其收缩，稳定NADPH结合，缩短NADPH结构域与黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（FAD）结构域之间的距离。结构重排促进了NOX2中氧化还原中心之间电子的有效转移，并导致吞噬细胞NADPH氧化酶的激活。[论文详细信息]
Nuclear morphology is shaped by loop-extrusion programs
核形态由环挤出程序塑造
（导读 阿金）中性粒细胞采用易塑性的多形态核来通过狭窄的间质组织空间。本研究表明在中性粒细胞祖细胞中，暂停的环挤出导致多形态核基因组组装。环挤出负载因子nipped-B样蛋白质（NIPBL）的快速耗竭诱导各种核结构组装，导致核体积缩小，反应了中性粒细胞分化过程中所观测到的现象。根据观测结果，研究人员推测在中性粒细胞祖细胞中环挤出程序产生谱系特异性染色质架构，为多形态核结构组装提供全新蓝图。[论文详细信息]
Targeted protein degradation via intramolecular bivalent glues
通过分子内二价胶靶向蛋白质降解
（导读 领研网）靶向蛋白质降解是将有害或其他不需要的蛋白质，通过药物引导被泛素标记，使其得以在蛋白酶体中销毁，有效地重编细胞的废物处理系统。本研究通过正交遗传筛选、生物物理表征和结构重建，检视了一款称为IBG1的BRD2和BRD4靶向分子内二价胶，IBG以顺式（cis）方式连接目标蛋白的两个相邻结构域，所造成的结构改变使得靶标蛋白BRD4被E3连接酶DCAF11或DCAF16所识别，从而标记该蛋白质以供降解。该结果引入了一种新的靶向蛋白质降解模式。[相关报道：将PROTAC与分子胶结合！新一类蛋白降解剂登上《自然》]
Nuclear export of circular RNA
环状RNA的核输出
（导读 领研网）环状RNA（circRNA）由核内前体mRNA的反向剪接形成，在人类细胞中广泛表达。本研究确定了一条circRNA核输出特异通路，需要Ran-GTP，exportin-和IGF2BP1。通过消耗或化学抑制主要蛋白输出蛋白CRM1来增强核Ran-GTP梯度，可选择性增加circRNAs核输出，export -2的缺失或敲除特异性地抑制circRNA核输出。该结果表明注入IGF2BP1这样的适配因子可直接结合circRNA，募集Ran-GTP与exportin-2，输出circRNA。[论文详细信息]
Mechanisms of action and resistance in histone methylation-targeted therapy
组蛋白甲基化靶向治疗的作用和耐药机制
（导读 领研网）H3K27me3（组蛋白H3的27位赖氨酸三甲基化）是染色体特定组蛋白上的一种甲基化修饰。本研究确定了抗癌药物valemetostat治疗成人ATL的疗效，并揭示了这类疗法如何针对其靶点——H3K27me3重新激活抑癌基因的机制。这些发现对以靶向H3K27me3为代表的新一代表观遗传疗法具有指导意义，有望为具有类似潜在病因的多种癌症带来新疗法。[相关报道：“复活”抑癌基因，《自然》揭示新型表观遗传抗癌药物的作用机制]
天文学
Astronomy
A small and vigorous black hole in the early Universe
早期宇宙中一个小而活跃的黑洞
（导读 领研网）本研究使用韦布空间望远镜（JWST）在早期宇宙探测到了一个质量约为太阳数百万倍的大质量黑洞，但研究人员发现这个黑洞吞噬其宿主星系GN-z11的过程极为活跃，GN-z11是一个致密星系，大约比银河系小一百倍，但当其中心黑洞吸积过多物质时，会遏制恒星形成的过程，“杀死”星系，而这也会切断黑洞的“食物”来源。该结果加深了天文学家对早期宇宙黑洞的理解。[相关报道：有史以来探测到的最古老黑洞]
A rapidly time-varying equatorial jet in Jupiter’s deep interior
木星内部深处随时间快速变化的赤道喷流
（导读 小天）行星磁场为理解行星内部深处的活动状态提供观测窗口。本研究探索了木星内部呈轴对称的赤道喷流，该喷流表现出周期约为4年的波状起伏，表明在木星金属氢内部存在扭转振荡或者局部Alfvén波。该结果为解释木星金属氢区域内的磁场提供新思路。[论文详细信息]
地球科学
Geoscience
Disappearing cities on US coasts
美国沿岸正在消失的城市
（导读 领研网）预计到 2050 年，美国海岸线的海平面将上升 0.25~0.3 米，将有多达 50 万人受到影响，每 35 个家庭中就有 1 个面临洪水淹没的风险。本研究结合了卫星获得的下沉陆地测量数据，也被称为下沉、海平面上升预测和潮汐图，为大西洋、太平洋和墨西哥湾沿岸城市的洪水风险预测提供了一个全新视角。[论文详细信息]
Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs
雨林转变将能量从绿色食物网重新分配到棕色食物网
（导读 小天）由于陆地使用变化，陆地动物生物多样性在逐渐丧失中。本研究评估了印度尼西亚苏门答腊雨林能量从动物地上“绿色”食物网络到地下“棕色”食物网络流动的变化情况，结果表明雨林中的大部分能量流入地下食物网络中，在雨林中超过90%的动物总能量通量由土壤和林冠中的节肢动物传递，而在种植园中，50%的能量分配给了环节动物。土地使用变化导致地上多营养能量通量持续下降，而地下食物网络对此的反馈则是更高营养水平的能量通量的减少。该结果反应了随着热带雨林土地使用的变化，动物多样性减少，这与十五网络中能量与功能重构相关。[论文详细信息]
物理学
Physics
Anomalous electrons in a metallic kagome ferromagnet
金属kagome铁磁体中的反常电子
（导读 阿金）普通金属在“费米”表面内包含电子液体，在费米面附近，电子行为表现为无相互作用，但有些材料并不符合“费米液体”的描述。本研究展示了揭示铁磁体kagome金属Fe
3Sn
2非费米液体行为的光谱。在布里渊区中心处发现三个
C
3-对称电子口袋结构，其中两个可通过密度函数理论计算得出，而第三个很可能是由于增强的电子-电子相互作用产生的应出现在费米面上的平带。该结果开启了一个新的课题，即涉及平带的多体物理学可能会因源自于晶体几何学还是强局域原子轨道而有所不同。[论文详细信息]
Imaging the Meissner effect in hydride superconductors using quantum sensors
使用量子传感器成像氢化物超导体中的迈斯纳效应
Integrated lithium niobate microwave photonic processing engine
集成的铌酸锂微波光子处理引擎
Ultra-compact quasi-true time delay for boosting wireless channel capacity
超紧凑的准真时延迟可提高无线信道容量
Integrated frequency-modulated optical parametric oscillator
集成调频光参量振荡器
Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction
配体通道支持下超快锂离子传导
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.wx-root{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-YELLOW: #ffc300;--weui-GREEN: #91d300;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #95ec69;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: 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#cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, 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255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, 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rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: 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rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content em{font-style:italic}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 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