自从1月10号比特币ETF面世之后,比特币价格一路上行,2月12日破5万,16天后突破6万,接着15天之内飙升到73777的历史价格,随即4天内又暴跌12.5%——但不管怎么说,回到了高位震荡的场景里。
我盯着2020年以来比特币的价格图看了一会儿,有点感慨:4年,体量从0.13万亿到1.12万亿,超过750%的回报率——这个体量增速和回报率,也就仅次于AI时代的图腾英伟达(1.97万亿,1243%)。当然,波动也不相上下。如果2021年4月和2021年11月入场比特币,到现在还泡在水里。
但无论如何,回头看,从2020年到2024年,确实是“比特币”的主流化之路:从主权信用货币体系的抵抗者,大刀阔斧杀入体系,占地为王,然后被招安,并逐渐演进成数字美元体系中的“新鲜血液”。
01
抵抗者
我开始关注比特币是2018年。那时候比特币标签是“数字货币”,是主权信用货币体系的“抵抗者”,和美元站在不同的战壕里。
那年写课程的时候,我脑子一开始就被“货币”这个词给框住。所以结论是,比特币不是“货币”——因为“国家”没有消亡之前,哪个统治者会放弃现代国家的最强大武器,铸币权。
这话当然没错,但挡不住比特币在2020年欧美巨量货币宽松后开始了疯涨之路。2021年,我开始试图从“资产”视角思考比特币——尽管不是货币,但可以是“风险资产”,作为黄金的数字替身充当“数字黄金”。
不过一直到2021年,站在“货币”角度,不管是中国还是美国政府,对比特币态度都是鲜明的:中国政府封禁了币圈的几乎所有动作。美联储主席鲍威尔则轻描淡写的说:“
如果美国有自己的数字货币,比特币将毫无用处,最终会消失”。在这种打击下,比特币从6.90万一度跌落到1.58万美金的低谷。
02
招安
显著的变化出现在2022年。尽管这一年比特币价格经历巨大下挫,但美国监管层对比特币态度大变脸:
鲍威尔表示“
正在谨慎、认真、全面研究,正在努力推进数字货币”。
耶伦干脆直接改口说“
(加密货币)是有好处的,这是创新,很健康”。
更重要的是,美国开始快速推进在Crypto(加密货币)方面的立法:2022年,光国会就提出了50个Crypto方面的法案。除了国会外,白宫、美联储、商务部、财政部……且几乎所有重要美国政府机构都投入了数字资产相关的研究,发布了行动指南。当年我们总结过一次拜登政府9份Crypto相关报告的要点,包括:
利用美国在国际组织中的地位,传递与数字资产相关的美国价值观;
在数字资产的标准和规则制定方面,继续并扩大美国的领导地位;
美国央行数字货币(CBDC),就是“数字美元”,是数字资产的核心
。
“传递美式价值观,制定标准和规则,推进数字美元”——是不是有点似曾相识?没错,就是1945年布雷顿森林体系,只不过是数字版而已。
很明显,到2022年,美国已经意识到,从农业社会的金属货币和实物资产,到工业社会的纸币、信用货币和金融资产,数字社会的资产形态必然会发生变化。因此明显改变了对数字资产的策略,从斗争到招安、融合——开始有意识构建“数字美元体系“的话语权。
美国“主流社会”也迅速用脚投票:大机构投资者开始配置加密资产;顶尖商学院开设了加密货币相关课程;部分政党候选人都接受加密货币的捐赠……
到2022年底左右,比特币和其他数字加密货币基本已经成为一种新的大类资产,“数字风险资产”,开始逐步进入美国主流金融市场体系。
换言之,美国正在快速吸收、融合数字加密界的技术和规则,推进数字美元的构建。它的推进方式很简单,将野蛮生长了十年的数字加密生态慢慢纳入自己的金融监管体系,相当于美元信用在数字世界里进行“外延扩张”。
一个有趣的点:作为上个世纪的世界货币,黄金是独立于美元世界之外的,到现在黄金价格用的还是伦敦金的价格。而一旦比特币对黄金的替代效应持续,美元信用就会扩大延伸,而曾经作为抵抗者和挑战者的比特币,也似乎适者生存,从绿林好汉摇身一变,成了颇有背景的编外官军。
世事唏嘘,莫过于此。是该感叹比特币的“没节操”,还是感慨美元体系的“有容乃大”呢?我也不知道。
03
主流化
美国立法受罗马法影响,逻辑大体上是“自下而上,约定成俗”的行为准则被接受并加以规范化,赋予法律权利。所以,当美国某个领域频繁出现“立法”的动作时候,证明这个领域已经不是“边缘化现象”,而是自下而上的力量已经非常强,开始需要进行规范和管理。所以从某种意义上,我们可以将其视为“主流化”的一个信号。
但也正也正因为此,美国立法的过程是一个漫长而曲折的过程,中间各种力量的博弈,“新事物”的风险暴露,甚至经济状况,都会影响到立法进度——
这一点,在比特币的主流之路上显露无疑。2022年之后,比特币价格开始随着Crypto方面立法监管推进而起伏不定。
道路是曲折的,但上行趋势也是明显的。一直到2024年1月,比特币ETF终于推出——这可能算是比特币主流化的一个里程碑事件。忍不住想起了李渊李世民收编瓦岗军的故事——后来瓦岗寨46友中的魏征、秦琼、程咬金……都成了大唐开国名臣名将。历史这个东西啊,有时读来真让人恍惚。
至于美元世界对待比特币的心态,我觉得主流金融圈的两个评论很有代表性:高盛分析师Mathew McDermott说,我们正见证一种新资产类别,数字风险资产的出现;美国期货之父Leo Melamed则更直截了当,占领这种新大类资产的话语权,是美国在“货币互联网竞赛”中取得领导权的关键。
这时候,再看这张价格走势图,就觉得更充满历史感:
忽然想起何帆兄多年前写的一段话——
“在国际金融的地下室里,你可能找不到阴谋论的血衣。但是,你会发现一个巨大的秘密:
货币即政治
。
从表面上看,货币无非是一种设计精巧的经济工具,
但在历史火炬的照耀下,你就会看到,货币问题的背后,是政治利益的博弈
。”
历史永远吊诡。
再想想,从黄金到比特币,也都不过是这段话的历史注脚,而已。
04
后记
从2018年第一次写下“比特币”这几个字开始,除了2023年,我差不多每年都会花比较多的笔墨写这个话题,从标题大概也看得出我的变化:
2018:《比特币到底算不算货币》
2020:《比特币:一次成功的叙事》
2021:《向着未知的世界去远行》
2022:《嚣张的数字美元霸权》
回看这段经历,也是很有意思。
人类永远无知,好在,人类还能学习。
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rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, 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rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-YELLOW: #ffc300;--weui-GREEN: #91d300;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #95ec69;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: 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.6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}.rich_media_content em{font-style:italic}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content 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