日本“要加息了”,传言甚嚣尘上,惹得不少粉丝问:
对港股影响大吗?
越南股还能不能投了?
日元会上涨吗?
大A能挺住不?
果然是,日本一加息,全球抖三抖。
但这个抖得实在是有点过了。拜各路媒体夸大渲染紧张情绪所赐,民众难免神经过敏。
但我们写的不同之处在于:
客观看待,有一说一。
今天我们就专门说一下日本加息的一系列问题。
日本真的会加息吗?
日本加息的过程和影响,会和美联储加息相似吗?
几天前,日本时事通讯社称,日本央行可能在3月19日的政策会议上取消收益率曲线控制政策(YCC),并结束负利率政策。
这一则报道引起了市场涟漪,日元升值,日股下跌。
要知道,日元也是一种在全球范围内拥有较大影响力的货币。除了美元之外,日元也能算得上全球货币之水的几大源头之一。
所以,很多人就很关心日本加息的事儿。
先说一下我的观点:
1、日本加息对日本资产、亚洲资产,甚至全球资产的确有一定影响,但这种影响力度和美元不可同日而语。
2、日元汇率,取决于日本货币政策和美国货币政策的预期差。
3、需要知道,日本央行层面的本意,很不情愿加息。“加息”只是被市场逼的。
4、对于资产价格来讲,并不是一加息就利空,一降息就利好。
接下来我们详细解析。
日本加息的预期由来已久,至少大半年了。从去年下半年开始,市场隔一段时间就会喊上一次:日本要加息了。
最开始是放松YCC,也就是放松国债收益率的波动区间。
因为国债收益率是整个国家的无风险利率,所以放松它的波动区间也就是放松利率波动区间。
不硬摁着了,随市场的便。
然而市场本身却是向上的,所以也就相当于加息了。
当时从原来的±0.25%放宽到±0.5%,市场普遍把这解读成了“日本货币政策要转向”、“最后一个宽松的经济体也要退出了”,引发了日元汇率和股市的震荡。
这里面其实有明显的误读。
其实根本没有任何迹象表明日央行有收紧货币政策的任何主观意愿。
只是扩大一下容忍的波动幅度,目标收益率仍然是0%,而且从官方发言来看,仍然反复强调要继续宽松。
那为什么还要放宽YCC呢?因为他本来也控制不住了。虽然牢牢控制着10年期收益率,但两侧的却都比这10年期的高,使得这收益率曲线控制政策变得有点“自欺欺人”了。
放松上限其实是顺应市场趋势。
市场趋势本身是有逐渐抬高的意思,毕竟日本通胀在走高。
现在市场的最新推测是:即将完全取消YCC。
我用这样的篇幅解释放松YCC的意义,以及市场对它的误解,是为了告诉大家:
这样的加息,对日本资产价格并不构成利空。
为何?
这就是刚才提到的——对于资产价格来讲,并不是一加息就利空,一降息就利好。
“加息利空资产,降息利好资产”,这种教条其实既不符合现实,也不符合逻辑。
当经济向好、逐渐繁荣的时候,通胀上升,名义利率也自然会上升,这是市场本身的规律。也就是说,名义利率上升,其实反映了经济蒸蒸日上的现实。
经济蒸蒸日上的含义,约等于企业盈利增加。所以会推升股价。
怎么会利空股价呢?
如果大家回顾历史,你会发现历史上那些大牛市,往往都伴随着陆续加息的过程。
只有一种加息是真正的利空,那就是——
加息幅度超过了实体经济增长的幅度。
这样会形成压制,才算得上利空。
不好理解的话,我们举个例子。
汽车的行驶速度越快,风阻越大。但你决不能说:风阻大是利空,会让汽车速度变慢。
这不对。正是因为速度快才使得风阻变大了。所以你才看到车速加快的过程,都伴随着风阻变大。
但是,如果你人为地在前面吹风,对着车吹,这种风阻就是一种利空了,当这个风阻大于车的动力时,就会使车速变慢。
当加息力度大于经济动力时,就会压制经济。这是利空。
但日本正在面临的并不是这种,而是经济自身推动的利率上升
,如第二部分所述。
放松YCC理解了,那结束负利率怎么说?
日本应该是目前仅存的还在执行负利率的国家了。以前欧洲多国都是负利率,后来随着加息而结束了。
这个负利率,指的并不是居民存款为负利率。而是
商业银行在央行的准备金存款为负利率。
2016年1月,日央行宣布宽松措施,将商业银行存放在央行的超额准备金存款利率从之前的0.1%降至-0.1%。由此开始,日本进入负利率时代,持续到今天。
结束负利率,是否就意味着“加息力度大于经济增长动力”了?
不是的。
升至0%,也才10个基点。而日本通胀增速已经维持在2%~4%很久了。
不管是从通胀率还是从GDP增速来看,经济的增长动力都大于这10个基点的加息。
前几天日本大幅上修了2023年4季度GDP增速,修正之后,实际 GDP季比折年增速从-0.4%变为+0.4%。2023全年经济扩张1.9%,设备投资增速很高,表明产能周期强劲。
相对这样的经济增速,这点加息幅度无法形成制约。
但,对于日本股市,我仍然保持在圈子里发过的判断:
已经是鱼尾行情。
这不是加息导致的,而是金融周期自身的规律。就说日本央行买的股票ETF,浮盈已接近翻倍了,它将作何处理?
关于日元汇率的判断,以及对中国大A和港股的影响,我专门写在了PDF文档,给实操的读者作参考。
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