在古代的皇权社会里,经常有不听话的大臣被皇帝赐死,很多大臣还要装作非常感激的样子,向皇帝谢恩,这是为什么呢?
其实这也是无奈之举,并不是大臣们愿意赴死,只能说赐死,算是最差结局中,比较体面的一种方式。
首先,被皇帝赐死,可以免去政敌直接打击
能被皇帝赐死的,一般都是朝廷的重臣。朝堂之上,几乎无人能独善其身,免不了结党站队,就会有政敌。
现在重臣犯下了一些不可饶恕的错误,不得不死。不过皇帝认可他之前在工作中为国家的付出,就给他一个干净利落。
如果不赐死,就需要交到大理寺、刑部,甚至锦衣卫等机构,一旦落入政敌手中,不但死罪难逃,活罪会更可怕,能让大臣在处斩之前奄奄一息。
所以,这相当于皇帝给大臣面子,大臣自然要感谢。
第二,赐死是死得比较体面的一种方式
古代的刑罚与现在不同。现代死刑算是最重的惩罚了,甚至很多国家都取消了死刑。
但是,在古代,人们的想象力实在丰富,死法多种多样:吊死的、用棍子打死的、一刀一刀挖肉挖死的、全身骨头打碎折磨死的……实在不寒而栗。
清代雍正朝的学政俞鸿图,因为科举之时家人与考生联合作弊,事发后他被判处腰斩。
结果行刑当天,一刀下来,他被拦腰斩成两段,在地上连写了七个“惨”字,才痛苦地死去。
因为场面实在过于惨烈,雍正将腰斩废除了。
而赐死是非常体面的死刑方式,大臣们自己找一个地方,用痛苦相对较小的方式,自由选择死亡方式,比如喝毒酒,死后也可以留得全尸。
因此大臣们从这一点上是要感激皇帝的。
第三,不谢恩后果严重
很多重臣被赐死后,皇帝碍于情面,他的爵位可以传给下一代,家人也会得到相对妥善的安置。
但是,如果大臣气不过,在得知被赐死后,不谢恩,把皇帝弄不爽的话。很可能死的就不是他一个了,夷三族、夷九族,皇帝都是有权力操作的。
家破人亡与赐死相比,该谢恩还是得谢恩。
▲方孝孺墓
第四,赐死可以免去很多皮肉之苦
如果不是赐死的话,需要走一整套死刑的流程,显然不能让大臣在家里呆着,而是要到阴暗潮湿的牢房里。
除了前面说的政敌打击外,狱卒也可能让大臣吃尽苦头,不打点一下,会让其生不如死。
而且,很多朝代在最后开刀问斩前还要游街,警示大家。为朝廷服务一辈子,却落下这样的结局,实在令人唏嘘。
所以,既然死罪难逃,那么赐死算是非常好的选择了。可以在家里从容地安排后事,然后静静地走完最后的时刻。
▲慈禧
像清代咸丰帝驾崩前,托付的八位顾命大臣,在与慈禧的较量中,被慈禧击败,被判处死。
其中的两位铁帽子王载垣和端华,就是被赐死。而肃顺则是被押处斩,一路上受尽折磨,路人向他扔石子。在被斩之前,还被打断了双腿,实在不体面。
以上,谢恩各位读者浏览。
参考资料:《清史稿》、《新唐书》、《中国古代死刑制度史》。
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