洪武三十一年,(1398)老皇帝朱元璋已经71岁了。
他依旧拖着病重的身体“日临朝决事,不倦如平日”,可是这次他没能像以往那样,不久在闰五月初十,大明帝国的缔造者,一生强势无比的朱元璋走到了生命的尽头。遵照朱元璋此前的遗嘱,皇孙朱允炆继位,“布告天下,使知朕意。”在南京的孝陵卫,大明帝国陷入了空前的悲痛之中,甚至许多人陷入迷茫。朱元璋作为帝国的精神支柱的垮塌,让许多人留恋那个到处充满朱元璋精神思想的时代,没有人知道,在朱元璋的大明王朝结束后,却掀起了一股“朱元璋热”。
朱元璋画像
清朝官方为何高度评价朱元璋?只因全面继承了大明版图和厚实家业,康熙对此并不讳言。
历史再次回溯到1699年,这时距离朱元璋逝世已经301年。这年的初夏,康熙皇帝开启了南巡,到钟山的明孝陵祭祀是康熙是这次重大目的。康熙深情地对官员说:“明代洪武乃创业之君,朕两次南巡俱举祀典,亲往奠醊。今朕临幸,当再亲祭。”【1】随行官员不懂其意,作为大清的皇帝因何要去祭拜明代皇帝?纷纷劝谏康熙不必亲去:“皇上两次南巡,业蒙亲往奠醊,今应遣大臣致祭。”
康熙了解他们的想法,却坚持说:“洪武乃英武伟烈之主,非寻常帝王可比。著兵部尚书席尔达致祭行礼,朕亲往奠。”康熙亲自安排,对朱元璋陵寝进行了全面维修,并将康熙题写的四个“治隆唐宋”刻成匾额,悬挂到了明孝陵的大门前。对于这件事,《清实录》以极其隆重的笔调写下:“甲寅,命修明太祖陵,并悬挂御书‘治隆唐宋’匾额”。【2】
治隆唐宋
最终,在以康熙为代表的清朝班子,对朱元璋给予了公正、客观全面的评价,在官修史书中认为他“武定祸乱,文治太平。”作为最高定调。
朱元璋如何用16年就迅速建立大明帝国?纵观历史,朱元璋得国最正。
至正十二年的三月,穿着破烂袈裟的朱元璋来到濠州城外要求参加红巾军。后来他回忆说:“昔者,朕被妖人(红巾军)逼起山野。”[3]又说:元纲不振乎彼士祖之法,豪杰何有乎仁良(也都不是什么好东西)。
或许因为独特的气质引起了红巾军元帅郭子兴的注意。不久这个“志意廓然,人莫能测”的朱重八变成“朱公子”,在战争生涯中表现出的战略才能让他迅速蹿升总兵官的职位。朱重八在变成朱元璋后,开始中原逐鹿,走上了“扫清天下,包举宇内,囊括四海,并吞八荒。”的统一大业。[4]
徐达画像
战争是一个放大器,他清晰地放大了朱元璋的能力、素质和格局。到元至正二十七年(1367年),相继攻灭江南汉帝陈友谅、吴王张士诚政权。统一江南后,朱元璋审时度势,决定北伐中原、南定沿海并举,以武力夺取全国统治权。 [5] 如同一把扫帚,在旧山河之间展现他的战略部署,仅用十六年便统一全国。此后不久,在前呼后拥之下,朱元璋身穿龙袍开始指点江山。对此,明史以极其自信的笔法总结朱元璋的天下“得位最正”,“崛起布衣,奄奠海宇,西汉以后所未有也。”【6】在帝业将成之际,朱元璋回到阔别二十二年的故乡去给去世多年的父母上坟,对身边的臣下感慨而深沉地说:“我过去在故乡时,自谓终身田野间一农民尔。及遭兵乱,措身行伍,亦不过为保身之计。不意今日成此大业。自吾去乡里十有余年,今始得归省陵墓,复与诸父老子弟详见,追思囊时,诚可感也。”【7】
苦难与辉煌成了朱元璋身旁两个重要精神法宝。
布衣情结,农民本色的皇帝,同情底层群众,由此掀起最大规模的整治吏治。
朱元璋多次向帝国表达自己所代表的立场:“朕本农夫,深知民间疾苦。朕本农夫,深知稼穑艰难。”每当提起老百姓的艰难,他会为之抽泣,对那些富户兼并土地的地主和贪官污吏,朱元璋恨不由得想起了植入骨髓般的痛苦经历。为此他希望能够建立一个老百姓吃饱穿暖的国家,而他则是农民们的代言人。
洪武四年他指示中书省“如今临濠的空地很多,你们应该调查那些开荒者的身份,让他们平均耕种,使穷人有产业,富户不能兼并。如果哪个大户多占土地,转给贫人佃种的,就要惩罚他。”[8]
皇明祖训
早在洪武元年(公元1368年)即位的诏书中,强调自己“朕本淮右布衣” ,六年后颁布《皇明祖训》时,再度叙述自己的经历: "朕幼而孤贫,长值兵乱,年二十四委身行伍,为人调用者三年,继而收揽英俊,习练兵之方……革元朝姑息之政,治旧俗污染之徒。”这一段话表示他的童年经历使他深悉元朝末年“人之情伪”。面对官员们贪腐欲望和对贪官污吏的痛恨,朱元璋出台了历史上最为严厉的反贪污法令,由此掀起了有史以来的最大整治官吏风暴。甚至细化到官员不能公车私用:“凡因公出差,按级别可以坐官马公车,用官驼等者,除了随身的衣物外,携带的私人物品不能超过十斤。”如果超了就要按照斤数进行鞭打。甚至他严禁官员下乡,认为他们就是来大吃大喝,搜刮扰民的:“我在民间时,亲身体验到州县官吏多不恤民,往往贪财好色,饮酒废事,凡民疾苦,视之漠然,心实怒之。”对于坐实的贪污犯罪者,朱元璋以不乏残酷的“剥皮实草”进行警戒,让许多官员上班前害怕不知道今天能不能回来而抱着家人痛哭。
朱元璋的政治遗产与朱元璋精神遗产到底有多强大?
朱元璋将治国理政形象生动地比喻成“盖房子”:“为天下者,譬如做大厦。”、“我以为建基立业,犹之盖大房子,剪伐斫削要用武臣,藻绘粉饰就非文臣不可。”朱元璋的思维里,帝国如同一个大房子,这里将挤满他的所有臣与民,按照他的构想,永远安稳、安静地生活下去,而他亲自承担起这座“帝国大厦”的建设、维护工作。
对大明帝国的高度责任心让朱元璋格外勤奋。在洪武十七年九月的一天,内外诸司奏章1660份,奏事3391件,面对如此版常态化的巨大工作重压,朱元璋也不得不哀叹说:“朕一人处此多务,岂能一一周遍,苟政事有失宜,岂惟一姓之害,将为天下之害。岂惟一身之忧,将为四海之忧。”虽然如此高度旋转,他还是不辞辛劳的做了下去。三十一年来,在他的主持下,其个人色彩浸润到大明的每个角落。其中包括政治、经济、军事、文化。二百八十年后,顺治对朱元璋佩服得五体投地,认为唐宗宋祖都不如朱元璋雄才大略。“何也?数君德政有善者,有未尽善者。到洪武所定条例章程,规画周祥,朕所以谓历代之君不及洪武也。”【10】到了洪武二十六年,根据户部统计数字,耕地面积达到八百五十万余顷,比北宋耕地最高数字(五百二十四万余顷)增加了三百二十六万顷。全国人口六千多万,超过《元史》所载最高人数,全国的田赋收入仅米麦一项就高达三千二百七十八万余石,比元朝岁入一千一百一十万余石增加了近两倍,是明朝真正的盛世。【11】
朱元璋书法
朱元璋在《皇明祖训》中多次提出严正警告,认为真正能“以天下为忧者”,“唯创业之君,中兴之主,及守成贤君能之”。至于“宫内生长”的“寻常之君”,势必以天下为自己寻欢作乐,如此的话“国亡自此始”。不幸的是,这种预测在明代中后期的皇帝中屡次出现,如肆意玩乐的正德皇帝和一心炼丹修道的嘉靖、数十年不上朝的万历,躲在后宫研究木匠的天启,如此密集出现“奇葩”后代皇帝为历史罕见。
对此预测,朱元璋只能总结感慨说:“若守成之君,常存敬畏,以祖宗忧天下为心,则能永受天之眷顾。若生怠慢,祸必加焉,可不畏哉!”尽管将所有对后世有利的设计都做到了,最终却也只能托付给所谓的“天命”,可知朱元璋在此重大事情上也显得多么的乏力。从另一角度来看,朱元璋的政治遗产和精神遗产是对子孙无限的眷恋。为此他最后还发出吼声“后世敢有方改更祖法者,即以奸臣论无赦!”【12】
结尾:孤家寡人朱元璋亲身经历的情感遭遇演绎了大明版的《活着》
五十四岁的朱元璋就开始为他自己营建陵墓,对待生死他似乎已经太过于熟悉了,甚至过去的凄惨经历让他显得更为达观。
影视形象
抛却事业成功角度,从情感上来说,朱元璋是相当不幸的人。在年少时十三天内,连失去四个亲人,对于一个孩子来说,打击是不言而喻的。多年后,朱元璋在《皇陵碑》中这样回忆当年的凄惨:“兄为我伤,我为兄哭,皇天白日,泣断心肠!”、“魂悠悠而觅父母无有,志落魄而佒佯。”创业时期他似乎忘记了这种孤苦开始全身心投身军旅,逐鹿中原。直到五十岁那年,他的结发妻子马皇后去世,朱元璋的情感世界再度走上孤独。更要命的是,此后朱元璋连番经历白发人送黑发人。六十五岁那年,他的太子朱标去世,自己的所有计划都被打乱,这个曾经无比强势的男人竟然在朝臣会议研究接班人问题时放声大哭,老泪横流。
七十一岁那年,他二十六个儿子已经死了七个。中国历史上当了帝王的人,就“称孤道寡”,自称“孤家”、“寡人”,而这种大落寞对人性来讲无疑是一种摧残。71岁这年的三月,他最喜欢的三子朱㭎病逝,一下将朱元璋击倒,不久,朱元璋在无限凄凉之中走完了他波澜壮阔的一生。
注释:
【1】《清世祖实录》卷一九三。
【2】《清世祖实录》卷一九三,康熙三十八年四月。
【3】《与元臣秃鲁书》。
【4】《贾谊过秦论》。
【5】《明代军事统一战争》。
【6】《明史太祖本纪》。
【7】《明太祖实录》卷二十。
【8】《明史纪事本末》。
【9】《明太祖实录》卷二十。
【10】《清世祖实录》。
【11】《朱元璋传》吴晗著。
【12】《明太祖实录》
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#1485ee;--weui-PURPLE: #6467f0;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: #000;--weui-FG-HALF: #000;--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .42);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #dc3636;--weui-ORANGERED: #d14730;--weui-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-YELLOW: #bb8e00;--weui-GREEN: #4f8400;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #2e8800;--weui-BRAND: #018942;--weui-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-INDIGO: #0075e2;--weui-PURPLE: #6265f1;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(225, 119, 25, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(0, 125, 187, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: 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#3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen 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59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content *{max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box!important;word-wrap:break-word!important}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}
div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}