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近年来，我们经常听到“寒门难出贵子”的声音，可见阶层固化已经到了一个比较严重的地步。然而，在宋代，“寒门出贵子”却成为一种普遍现象。
那么，这到底是怎么回事呢？
“朝为田舍郎，暮登天子堂”、“万般皆下品，惟有读书高”、“书中自有颜如玉，书中自有黄金屋。”对于这些诗句，我们耳熟能详，而它们正是在宋代产生的。由此我们可以想见当时的人们相信知识可以改变命运，也从侧面反映出科举制能够使大量寒门子弟实现阶层跨越。
我们知道两宋一共享祚320年，根据统计，共开科118榜，录取人数超过11万人，是唐及五代录取总人数的十倍之多，就连以后的元明清各代，录取人数均无法与宋代相比。
自从科举制从隋代诞生到清朝结束，这一千三百多年的历史中，没有任何一个时代能够像宋代那样产生大量的文学家、史学家、哲学家与政治家。可以说，这是中国文明史上的一个高峰。正如陈寅恪先生所言：“华夏文明之文化，历数千载之演进，造极于赵宋之世。”
提到宋代的科举取士，就不得不与唐朝做一个对比，所谓没有对比就没有伤害。
科举制虽然在唐代基本定型，但当时并不是一考定终身，完全由成绩决定的。一个人能否高中不仅由他的家庭出身、社会关系、个人风评、外貌口才等决定，但更为关键的还是“行卷”与“公荐”。
所谓的“行卷”就是考生在考试前将自己写的诗文投递给达官显贵，以求他们能够推荐。我们所熟知的唐人朱庆余所写的“洞房昨夜停红烛，待晓堂前拜舅姑。妆罢低声问夫婿，画眉深浅入时无？”就是表现出其在“行卷”后的微妙心情。所谓的“公荐”则是指公卿大夫向主考官推荐人才。
李白一生未曾参加科考，却供奉翰林，就是因为玉真公主的推荐。我们所熟知的白居易的《赋得古原草送别》、张继的《枫桥夜泊》以及杜牧的《阿房宫赋》都是为“行卷”而作。
这下我们就清楚了，这种制度下，没有人脉，没有社会关系是不成的。这种制度保障了世家子弟的利益，对于寒门子弟相当不公平。晚唐的杜荀鹤就是因为出身寒微导致屡试不第，“空有篇章传海内，更无亲族在朝中”便是对这一不合理制度的吐槽。所以在唐代这种社会氛围和制度下，寒门难出贵子是一种必然现象。
那么，我们再来看看宋代的科举制度。
宋代的科举制度分为三级：解试、省试和殿试，考生们需要逐级博弈，方能实现鲤鱼跃龙门。
解试全称发解试，在各州郡、开封府和国子监考试。
考试合格则可参加礼部组织的全国性考试，因礼部隶属尚书省，故又称省试。
省试结束以后，就进入殿试环节，由皇帝亲自主持考试，通过即可直接授官，成为天子门生。
此前殿试也实行淘汰制，但自从仁宗嘉佑年间以后就不再淘汰人。就是在这位仁宗皇帝时期，嘉祐二年，出现了“千古第一榜”的奇局。这次的主考官是欧阳修，共录取388人，不仅出了苏轼、苏辙、曾巩这“唐宋八大家”中的三位，还有张载、程颢这“北宋五子”中的两位。
之所以说宋代是“寒门出贵子”的时期，就在于其公平性。
欧阳修曾感慨“无情如造化，至公如权衡”。之所以这样说就在于无论是乞丐、孤儿还是书童皆可凭借自己的本事考取功名。如宋初的张雍是个流浪儿，靠乞讨为生，但勤奋好学，对于《诗经》深有研究，于是在太祖时期高中进士，最后官至尚书右丞。杜衍也是流浪儿，靠给人抄书勉强度日，在真宗时登科，仁宗时官至宰相。陈升之，出生贫寒，在朋友的勉励支持下刻苦学习，最终在仁宗朝登科，神宗时期官至宰相。……类似的例子不胜枚举。
还是说说我们所熟悉的两位名人的故事吧。范仲淹，两岁失怙，母亲改嫁他人，生活拮据。为了学习，他寄居在寺庙中，昼夜苦学，靠吃粥度日，最终高中进士，官至副宰相。欧阳修，四岁丧父，母亲无奈带他投奔叔叔，叔叔家生活也不好，母亲便教他用秸秆在沙子上读书写字，最后经过苦学考中进士，官至参知政事。
虽然这些人的故事很励志，但有一个更励志的，那就是汪激的书童汪淑，在侍候主人读书之时耳濡目染，勤学苦思，最终和主人一同考中进士。和他一起考中进士的还有苏轼、曾巩等人，王淑的名次还在曾巩之上。
根据学者的统计，宋代布衣入仕者占比55.12%。其中官至一到三品中占比53.67%，到了北宋末年已达到64.44%。而唐朝寒素子弟的录取率却仅有15.9%。可见，宋朝的科举考试真正实现了“取士不问世家”，以至于有这么多“寒门出贵子”的佳话。那么，宋代到底有什么样的环境和制度，以至于如此呢？
第一、以儒立国，整个社会崇尚知识，尊重读书人。
第二、科举面前人人平等，上至官宦子弟，下至乞丐，任何人皆可应试。
第三、废除推荐制度，一以成绩定去留。
第四、完善考试制度，锁院、糊名、誊录并行，严防营私舞弊。
第五、试题灵活多样，重视考生的个人见解及致用能力。
第六、扩大录取名额，其中北宋平均每年大约录取360人，取士人数远超各代。
第七、登第后即可授予官职，而且升迁途径较快。
当然，这只是制度上极大程度的保障了考生的公平，仅仅是机会平等。但起点的不平等却是一条鸿沟，那么宋代又是如何解决的呢？
我们知道，宋代“义学”、“义庄”兴起，不仅为那些贫寒学子提供经济支持，也为他们提供读书机会。此外还有官办学校、书院对于贫寒子弟也会给予一定的生活补贴。对于进京赶考的贫寒子弟，政府也会发放“公券”，凭此可以在公家的驿站免费食宿。
由此，我们似乎明白了，宋代之所以能够使得“寒门出贵子”成为一种普遍现象，除了社会重视知识，制度上保障了每个读书人的机会平等外，与完善的社会保障体系是分不开的。正是因为完善的社会保障体系在很大程度上削弱了寒门子弟与官宦、富家子弟之间的起点鸿沟，寒门子弟才有了更大的可能性实现阶层跨越。
参考资料：
【1】脱脱等：《宋史》，中华书局，1985.
【2】欧阳修、宋祈：《新唐书》，中华书局，1975.
【3】吴宗国：《唐代科举制度研究》，辽东大学出版社，1992.
【4】王凯旋：《中国科举制度史》，万卷出版公司，2012.
【5】张晋藩：《科举制度史话》，中华书局，1980.
（本文仅代表观点，不代表本号立场）
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