文/格瓦拉同志

作为最富侵略性的帝国，沙俄在军事扩张方面一向鲜有败绩，不过1854-1856年间的克里米亚战争却让它遭受重创，不仅伤亡极其惨重、割让大片领土，还迫使沙皇尼古拉一世自杀，堪称俄国史上最耻辱的一场败仗。而这场战争的起因，无疑源自沙俄跟土耳其之间的矛盾。

沙俄与土耳其之间的矛盾日久，最早可以追溯到莫斯科大公伊凡三世在位时（1462-1505年）。当时，奥斯曼帝国灭掉东正教世界的领导者-拜占庭帝国，而伊凡三世则迎娶拜占庭末代公主索菲亚为妻，并宣布全国改宗东正教。由此，俄国开始以东正教世界的领导者自居，并将消灭奥斯曼帝国、恢复拜占庭帝国昔日的辉煌，作为始终不渝的目标。

尼古拉一世

为了实现这个终极目标，从1676年开始，沙俄先后发动8次针对土耳其的战争，打着“驱逐异教徒”的旗号，夺取奥斯曼帝国的大片领土，并在其境内不断地鼓动东正教徒发动起义，以实现最终瓦解敌国的目的。这一次，沙皇尼古拉一世所采取的措施，跟以往没有任何新意。

1853年2月，尼古拉一世派遣缅希科夫亲王出使君士坦丁堡，要求苏丹阿卜杜拉·迈吉德一世给与俄国对圣城教堂的保护权，承认沙皇对奥斯曼帝国境内的东正教臣民有特别保护权，土耳其军队撤出黑山。这三项要求一旦得到满足，将造成奥斯曼帝国放弃巴尔干半岛、耶路撒冷的局面，其影响将是灾难性的。正因如此，苏丹一口回绝了沙皇的要求。

锡诺普海战

阿卜杜拉·迈吉德一世的拒绝正中尼古拉一世的下怀，很快，沙俄便以此为借口，宣布断绝与奥斯曼帝国的外交关系，并在1853年7月攻占摩尔达维亚、瓦拉几亚两个附属于土耳其的公国。紧接着，沙俄海军又在锡诺普海战中重创奥斯曼帝国的舰队，并试图夺取土耳其海峡，攻占其都城君士坦丁堡（今伊斯坦布尔）。

锡诺普海战的结果令英、法感到震惊，他们非常担心，一旦沙俄夺取土耳其海峡、进入地中海，势必会威胁到两国在当地的利益。为防止这种糟糕局面的发生，英、法宣布支持奥斯曼帝国，并在1854年1月派舰队进入黑海作战，著名的“克里米亚战争”由此爆发。除此之外，在高加索、波罗的海、堪察加半岛、白海等地，英法联军也于沙俄军队交战，但规模远不及克里米亚战争。

防守塞瓦斯托波尔的俄军

1854年4月，英、法联军在克里米亚半岛登陆，随即向沙俄重要的海军基地塞瓦斯托波尔发动进攻。然而，英法联军在塞瓦斯托波尔遭遇顽强的抵抗，战事很快便呈胶着状态，并导致交战双方死亡惨重。起初，俄军尚能坚守阵地，但由于它的装备落后、医疗条件奇差，加之外援断绝，遂导致局面愈发不利。到1855年2月，俄军的败局已定，要塞的陷落只是早晚的事儿。

就在俄军败局已定之际，盟友奥匈帝国突然变脸，要求沙俄撤出摩尔达维亚、瓦拉几亚，否则将加入联军作战。奥匈帝国的背叛，再加上败局已定的局面，让尼古拉一世羞愤不已，为避免看到国家战败投降的一幕，他决定提前结束生命。2月18日，尼古拉一世服毒自尽，并在临死前拍电报给莫斯科、基辅、华沙等地，称“皇帝正在死去，并向所有的人道永别。”

亚历山大二世

尼古拉一世自杀后，太子亚历山大即位，史称亚历山大二世。新君即位后，并没有立刻调整战略，而是继续坚守塞瓦斯托波尔。然而，俄军的顽强抵抗并没有换得命运的眷顾，当年9月8日，塞瓦斯托波尔沦陷，英法联军基本上控制整个克里米亚半岛。经此一战，俄军伤亡53.6万、耗资约8亿卢布，可谓惨痛至极。

输掉克里米亚战争后，沙俄无疑面临着山穷水尽的境地，除非接受屈辱的求和条件，否则将有亡国之忧。经过长达数月的痛苦考虑后，亚历山大二世被迫做出对英、法、土三国求和的决定。1856年3月30日，沙俄与英国、法国、土耳其等国在巴黎签订合约，克里米亚战争就此结束。

根据条约，沙俄放弃摩尔达维亚、瓦拉几亚，把多瑙河口、南比萨拉比亚、卡尔斯等地割让给土耳其，并放弃对圣地教堂、奥斯曼帝国境内东正教教徒的保护权。与此同时，沙俄还承诺黑海中立化、不保有6艘以上800吨的轮船和4艘以上200吨的船只，也不会在黑海沿岸设立海军兵工厂和海军要塞。通过这项条约，沙俄不仅割让大片领土，而且还被限制在黑海的各项军事活动，代价可谓惨痛。

参加巴黎会议的部分代表

不仅如此，拜克里米亚战争失败“所赐”，沙俄的国际地位迅速下滑，沙皇的威信扫地，国内矛盾日趋尖锐，诚如列宁所言，“克里米亚战争显示出农奴制俄国的腐败和无能”。而为了改变这种局面，亚历山大二世开始进行农奴制改革，并在蛰伏数十年后才重新开始对外扩张。由此来看，克里米亚战争绝对是俄国史上最耻辱的败仗。

史料来源：《克里米亚战争：被遗忘的帝国博弈》

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