你有过在饱餐一顿后，仍然忍不住想要继续吃零食的经历吗？一项新的研究表明，这种行为并不一定代表过度活跃的食欲，而是可能表明具有过度活跃的觅食神经元。

一组研究人员在小鼠的脑中发现了一个回路，这个回路能使它们更加渴望食物并采取觅食行动，即使在它们不饿的情况下也是如此。研究人员将他们的发现发表在了近期的《自然·通讯》杂志上。

  聚焦一个古老脑区  

进食是动物生命中最重要的一个方面。在寻找食物时，动物需要进行仔细的探索，来获得热量资源，并熟悉它们的环境。这种探索活动由一系列行为组成，包括接近新的刺激、追捕猎物，以及调查环境布局。这些过程都是捕猎猎物和寻找热量资源的关键特征。然而，科学家对觅食这一重要行为的神经基础尚不清楚。

现在，研究人员在探索恐惧和焦虑是如何帮助动物评估风险，以及最大限度地减少暴露于威胁时，意外收获了新的发现。在新的研究中，他们探索的是一个被称为导水管周围灰质（PAG）的区域如何与恐惧相关。

PAG位于脑干之中。从进化的角度来看，脑干是非常古老的。正因如此，它在人类和小鼠身上都具有相似的功能。研究表明，当整个PAG区域被激活时，会导致小鼠和人类产生剧烈的恐慌反应。

在新的研究中，研究人员发现，当只是选择性地对小鼠的一种特定的PAG神经元进行刺激时，并不会引发恐惧，而是会导致觅食和进食。这类特定的PAG神经元被称为vgat PAG细胞。

  实验室小鼠的觅食行为  

研究人员将一种被基因改造过的病毒注入小鼠的脑中，这种病毒能够使它们的脑细胞产生一种光敏蛋白。当激光通过一个光纤植入体照射到细胞上时，这种光敏蛋白就会将光转化为细胞内的电神经活动。利用一个贴在小鼠头上的微型显微镜，研究人员记录下了细胞的神经活动。

具体来说，他们发现当受到激光刺激时，vgat PAG细胞会放电，并“怂恿”小鼠去追逐活的蟋蟀和非猎物食物，即使它刚刚饱餐一顿也仍然如此。激光刺激还会诱导小鼠跟随非食物类的移动物体——比如乒乓球，并且还会促使小鼠自信地探索其围栏内的一切。

研究人员认为，这样的结果表明，这种行为更多地与欲望有关，而非饥饿。饥饿是一种令人厌恶的感受，这意味着小鼠通常会尽量避免感到饥饿。但它们想要获得这种细胞的激活，则表明这个回路并没有引起令它们厌恶的饥饿感。相反，研究人员们认为这个回路导致了对高回报、高热量食物的渴望。即使在不饿的情况下，这些细胞也会导致小鼠吃更多的高热量食物。

拥有活化vgat PAG细胞的饱足小鼠非常渴望高脂肪食物，它们愿意忍受足部电击来获得这些食物，而饱足小鼠通常是不会这样做的。但是当它们被注射了另一种可以可以产生在光照下抑制这些细胞活动的蛋白质的病毒时，那么即使小鼠非常饥饿，也会减少觅食行为。

这些实验结果都表明，当这个回路活跃时，小鼠会表现出强迫性饮食，当它不活跃时，即使它们饿了也不觅食。研究人员认为，这个回路可以规避吃什么、如何吃以及什么时候吃的正常饥饿压力。

基于这些发现，研究人员正在进行新的实验，并了解到当受到刺激时，与这个回路相关的细胞会诱导小鼠积极寻觅高脂肪、含糖量高的食物，而不是像胡萝卜等更健康的食物。这表明这种回路可能会增加垃圾食品的摄入量。

  人类也会这样吗？  

这是首次在小鼠脑干中发现专门用于觅食的细胞，这些细胞通常与恐慌有关，而与摄食无关。研究人员表示，尽管这一发现令人惊讶，但与觅食相关的细胞根植于如此古老的部分，是合乎道理的，因为觅食是所有动物都需要做的事。

和小鼠一样，人类脑干中也有vgat PAG细胞。如果一个人的这个回路过度活跃，那么人类也可能在不饿的时候，表现出对食物的渴望。反之，如果这个回路不够活跃，他们从饮食中获得的快乐可能就会减少，并可能导致厌食症。如果能证实这种情况发生在人类身上，那么这种觅食回路将可能成为治疗某些进食障碍的靶点。

#创作团队：

编译：糖兽

排版：雯雯

#参考来源：

https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/food-seeking-neurons-crave-high-calorie-foods-absent-hunger

#图片来源：

封面图&首图：fonok / Pixabay

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