近日,鲁东大学徐文龙课题组在
Advanced Functional Materials
上发表了题为 “Anti-Swelling Gel Wearable Sensor Based on Solvent Exchange Strategy for Underwater Communication”的研究论文。
这篇论文除通讯外,包括第一在内的其他所有均为本科生!
柔性可穿戴传感器在水下应用中具有非凡的意义,如水下运动监测和海洋危险求救,其中凝胶可穿戴传感器的应用前景十分广阔。然而,制备具有优异抗溶胀性能和传感性能的水下凝胶传感器仍然是一个巨大的挑战。鉴于此,鲁东大学
徐文龙课题组的本科生科研团队提出了
一种溶剂交换策略,诱导凝胶内部疏水段在凝胶-水界面聚集,从而阻止水分子的进入以得到抗溶胀凝胶。此外,用此方法制备的抗溶胀凝胶在水下表现出灵敏度高、线性度高、响应速度快、抗疲劳等良好的传感特性,可作为水下应变传感器,实时监测人体各部位在水中的运动信息。更重要的是,该凝胶应变传感器还被用作触摸传感器,借助自己设计的程序以简化信息传递方式,保证水下作业人员的安全,并实现报警求助的功能。此凝胶具有优异的抗溶胀和传感性能,可应用于水下通信、海洋监测等领域,为柔性可穿戴水下应变传感器设计和开发提供有益的启示。
【1. 制备和表征】
图1. (a)凝胶网络结构示意图。(b)凝胶中溶剂交换的示意图。(c)凝胶在水下通信方面的应用。
在工作中构建了一种由亲水单体和疏水单体经光引发自由基聚合制得的凝胶,以期实现具有优异抗溶胀性能的水下通信应用。通过亲水性单体(AAm)与疏水性单体(BA)共聚制备有机凝胶,当构建的有机凝胶应用于水环境时,亲疏水单体会受到溶剂极性的影响,从而导致溶剂交换效应发生。这导致凝胶内的微相分离和疏水缔合形成,从而赋予其独特的水下抗溶胀性能和光学可调特性。如图1所示。
【2. 有机凝胶的性质】
图2. 有机凝胶的力学性能表征。(a)应变扫描流变图。(b)角频率扫描流变图。(c)有机凝胶的连续阶跃应变扫描流变图。(d)不同比例单体的拉伸试验。(e)杨氏模量和耗散能的比较。(f)断裂应变和断裂应力的比较。(g)不同单体比的压缩试验。(h)渐进压缩试验。(i)循环压缩试验。
优异的机械性能是凝胶用作可穿戴传感器件的前提条件,因此,对有机凝胶的机械性能进行了系统的测试。通过(a)图中应变扫描流变图可清晰看出在较宽范围内,凝胶表现出弹性模量大于粘性模量,说明凝胶表现出类固体性质;(b)图的角频率扫描流变图,凝胶总是表现出弹性模量大于粘性模量,说明凝胶以弹性为主;(c)图的连续阶梯应变扫描流变图,通过进行五次循环测试,凝胶的粘弹性依旧能够快速恢复如初,说明凝胶的良好的可逆循环稳定性。紧接着对凝胶进行一系列拉伸、压缩测试,以及杨氏模量和韧性的转换,断裂应力和断裂应变的比较,结果表明随亲水单体浓度的增加,凝胶的韧性、强度均增加,这可归因于亲水单体中伯胺N-H键在凝胶化过程中形成分子间氢键,使得凝胶网络的交联密度增加,导致力学性能的增强。
【3. 抗溶胀性能】
图3. (a)不同单体配比的有机凝胶在水中浸泡18天后的宏观状态变化。(b)溶剂交换后有机凝胶的溶胀比。(c)溶剂置换诱导疏水聚集示意图。(d)凝胶在水中浸泡后的接触角变化。(e)凝胶浸泡前后的红外光谱。(f)溶胀时间-溶胀率与文献报道的抗溶胀水凝胶的比较。
抗溶胀性能是凝胶作为传感器在水下稳定应用的一个重要因素。通过(a)和(b)两个图,从宏观和微观角度说明不同单体比例凝胶的抗溶胀性能优劣。而后通过(c)图进一步从机理角度证明抗溶胀凝胶的动态过程。对于未浸泡过水的凝胶,界面处疏水官能团分布相对稀疏,浸泡过水后不能及时有效阻止水分子的进入,因此初期会发生溶胀。随后,由于凝胶中疏水段与水分子之间的相互排斥,疏水基团通过疏水相互作用聚集在界面处,增强了凝胶的抗溶胀性能。并且通过图(e)中的红外测试,比较浸泡不同时间的凝胶的1016 cm
-1处DMSO中的S=O双键的峰值明显降低,而3000-3500 cm
-1处的峰值强度则不断增加。这一结果表明凝胶中的DMSO已经被水取代,也证实了溶剂交换的发生。此外,与最近报道的抗溶胀凝胶的溶胀率相比,工作中设计的抗溶胀凝胶为实现水下传感提供了一种新的解决方案(图3f)。
【4. 光可调行为和信息加解密】
图4. (a)宏观有机凝胶浸泡在水中和二甲基亚砜中的透明度变化。(b)紫外分光光度计定量透射率。(c)照片显示在水和二甲基亚砜中的信息输入和擦除图。(d)特殊图案标记。
有机凝胶在DMSO和水环境中表现出有趣的溶剂诱导光学可调行为。由于水和DMSO溶剂极性不同,凝胶浸泡在水环境中会发生微相分离。这导致了透明度的宏观变化,从而形成了凝胶的光学可调行为。并且(b)图中测试了三次凝胶透明度转化重复实验,其表现出循环稳定性,这也为凝胶对特殊信息的读写和加密性能奠定了基础。基于这一特性,利用水和DMSO溶剂作为书写笔,对特殊符号“T”进行书写、覆盖、重写和擦除,从而实现对特殊信息的读写和加密(图4c)。同时,图4d显示了不同模式的书写,以实现更准确的信息记录。综上,凝胶具有出色的读写和光学可调功能,用于信息的加密和解密。
【5. 水下电化学传感器的应用】
图5. 凝胶的水下传感特性。(a)凝胶压缩过程中GF的变化。(b)不同应变下压缩相对阻力变化。(c)不同速度下的压缩相对阻力变化。(d)凝胶压缩过程的响应时间和恢复时间。(e)应变增大过程具有保持状态的相对阻力变化。(f)在50%应变下压缩1000次时的相对阻力变化。(g)凝胶传感器在水中浸泡18天和3个月的相对阻力变化。
基于前面所述的凝胶具有优异抗溶胀性能,良好的力学性能,接下来进行了水下压缩传感测试。由于所添加的锂皂石本身带有负电荷,其可以与聚合物链形成静电相互作用,并且可为凝胶内部离子运输提供迁移通道,使得凝胶具有良好的传感性能。该凝胶传感器表现出的高灵敏度、宽线性范围、可逆恢复性能以及快速响应性,这也是凝胶作为水下可穿戴传感器的基础。而后进行水下1000次的压缩循环测试说明凝胶传感器的抗疲劳性能。接下来考察了凝胶传感器水下的使用寿命,结果也是令人意外的,在水下浸泡三个月后,依旧具有优异的稳定性和可逆性。以上结果均可表明该凝胶传感器的快速响应性、长期稳定性以及抗疲劳性,其可在水下传感应用领域进行广泛使用。
图6. 实时监测人体运动的水下凝胶传感器。不同部位的相对阻力变化:(a)手指拉伸弯曲,(b)手腕拉伸弯曲,(c)手臂拉伸弯曲,(d)腿部拉伸弯曲。(e)凝胶传感器组装结构照片。(f)固定在手上的凝胶传感器照片。(g)微控制系统在信号传输过程中的功能。(h)电流传感器放大照片。(i) 相应信号传输转换应用。(j)凝胶传感器在智能报警控制系统中的应用。
基于凝胶优异的抗溶胀性能和传感性能,其作为传感器在水下应用中具有很大潜力。首先对人体部位的运动进行了弯曲拉伸测试,凝胶传感器可实时进行信号传输。此外,利用自主编码设计的程序进行水下通信应用探究,自己编码程序方式简短快捷,更适合于潜水员简短信息的快速发送。该装置借助电流传感器捕捉环路中的电流值,利用单片机对采集到的电流波形和峰值进行分析,观察是否与设定的编码相匹配,以达到简单信息交换的目的。
除此之外,该凝胶可穿戴传感器可作为触摸传感器,实现水下智能报警。通过(j)图中可发现,潜水员需要对岸上人员做出反应,以表明自己处于安全状态。将报警间隔时间设置为5分钟,需要潜水员在五分钟内按压一次凝胶传感器来指示潜水员的安全。若未在五分钟内做出反应,则程序自动设定为潜水员可能处于危险状态。同时凝胶传感器将自动连接报警灯电路,开始闪烁灯光,通过串口发送遇险信息,达到遇险求救的效果。这一操作避免了潜水员在紧急情况下进行任何额外操作的需要,从而大大提高了水下操作人员的安全系数。
【总结和展望】
本工作报道了一种基于溶剂交换策略诱导内部疏水聚集赋予优异抗溶胀性能的凝胶,该凝胶作为水下可穿戴传感器具有高灵敏度、快速响应性、长期稳定性等传感性能。本工作中的凝胶传感器在水下通信领域具有很好的应用前景,未来可以实现在水下领域的实际应用。
【通讯介绍】
徐文龙,山东省高校优秀青年创新团队带头人,中国国际“互联网+”大赛专家库成员,国家级优秀双创导师。主要研究方向为多肽、蛋白质等生物表面活性剂组装结构及其应用,聚合物水凝胶在传感、能源和农业方面的应用。
【第一/共同第一介绍】
姜心雨,鲁东大学高分子材料与工程专业2021级本科生,专业排名第一,获2023年国家奖学金,以第一/共同第一在Adv. Funct. Mater.和Mater. Horiz.期刊发表论文2篇。
周迅,鲁东大学高分子材料与工程专业2020级本科生,专业排名第一,获2022年国家奖学金,以第一/共同第一在Adv. Funct. Mater.、Compos. Part B、J. Mater. Chem. A和ChemistrySelect期刊发表论文4篇。
文献链接:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202400936
来源:高分子科学前沿
声明:仅代表个人观点,水平有限,如有不科学之处,请在下方留言指正!
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