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撰文 | 武德崴
在一个普通的工作日,领导急急忙忙走进监护室,对我说:一会儿收一个心衰、肾衰、少尿的患者,70多岁,来的时候血钾7点多mmol/L,楼下诊间补了补液,泵了速尿,昨天出来点尿了,既往长期房颤、慢性心衰。
家属不考虑有创抢救和连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)。
在急诊监护室,这样的患者已经司空见惯了。
刚刚送走一个因心衰肾衰死亡的患者,正在整理死亡病历的我内心并没有太多波澜,一旦放弃CRRT,我们能做的工作少之又少,大多数时间是充当病情进展的旁观者。
心衰、肾衰,真的那么简单?
没过多久,患者就被推上来了,状态比我想象的还要差,躺在平车上,戴着储氧面罩、翻着白眼、呼哧呼哧地喘着粗气,拍着肩膀喊了几声,没有任何回应。
家属在旁边陪着,说两天前早上起床突然左边肢体没劲,说话也不利索,不能进食,起不了床,还抽了一次,就赶紧送来了急诊,前天基本没有尿,昨天尿了1000mL。
慢性心衰的底子,急性脑梗导致心衰急性加重,引起肾衰少尿。这样的链条已经在我脑子里闪过。快速翻看了一下急诊的化验单:
进入急诊当天,血常规正常、血气分析pH7.4、氧分压64.3mmHg、二氧化碳33.1mmHg、乳酸4.2mmol/L、肌钙蛋白I(TnI)0.022ng/mL、脑钠肽(BNP)2855pg/mL、血糖43mmol/L、血钾7.36mmol/L、血钠116mmol/L。
肌酐255μmol/L、尿素47mmol/L、尿糖4+、潜血3+、尿酮体阴性、降钙素原40.8ng/mL、C反应蛋白127mg/mL、糖化血红蛋白11.5%、心电图提示房颤心律、心率96次/分、II、III、aVF导联及胸导联广泛ST段压低、aVR导联ST段还有轻度的抬高。
胸部CT可见左下肺斑片影,头颅CT提示脑沟回加深,未见到高密度影。
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“血糖这么高,用什么降糖药吗?”我问家属。
“之前不知道有糖尿病,什么都没用过。”家属回答。“不过来了以后就点了胰岛素,还用了一天利尿药”。
继续翻看化验单,经过1天的补液、利尿,第二天血钾已降到5.08 mmol/L,血钠回升至145mmol/L,血糖降到16mmol/L,但是肾功能继续恶化,肌酐涨到405
μmol/L,尿素也涨到51.57mmol/L。
“
看起来血糖已经基本控制下来,尿也出来了,但是是什么原因引起了肾功能的急剧恶化?
”
患者目前心率90-110次/分,血压80-90/50-60mmHg,呼吸37次/分,血氧饱和度95%
(储氧面罩)
,全身并没有明显的水肿、皮温较低、肺部听诊没有明显的湿啰音,心音还可以,虽然既往有房颤、慢性心衰的病史,但
氨基末端脑钠肽前体
(NT-proBNP)
还不到3000pg/mL,入院时尿素氮/肌酐
(BUN/Cr)
比值高达45,第二天虽然有所下降,仍然高达31。
这一切都表明,患者是休克引起的肾前性少尿和急性肾损伤。
▎是心源性休克,还是脓毒性休克,还是低血容量休克?
患者的降钙素原
(PCT)
和CRP显著升高,入院筛查的胸部CT可以看到左下肺的斑片影,不排除急性脓毒性休克的可能性,不过最近几天都没有发烧,血常规没有异常,肺部的感染看起来并没有那么重。
虽然心电图出现广泛的ST段压低和aVR的ST段抬高,但近2天以来TnI的上升幅度并不算太高,从0.022ng/mL上升到0.42ng/mL,也并没有明显恶化的心律失常。
进一步的超声检查提示下腔静脉0.9cm、左心明显增大、左室舒张末径63mm,左房50mm、射血分数40%、心输出量6L/min、室壁运动偏低。
脓毒症的诊断尚有欠缺,没有心脏功能突然恶化的因素,心输出量也还可以,心源性休克的诊断也不太成立。
而下腔静脉只有0.9cm,提示严重的容量不足,看起来低血容量休克的可能性最大了,但患者目前并没有大量体液丢失和失血的证据。
“这几天吃饭喝水怎么样?”我继续问家属。
“
他最近半个月总觉得胃里烧的慌,不怎么吃饭,就喝冰镇汽水。
”
看来容量真的不够,不管怎么样,先补液改善血流动力学。患者从离开急诊时还带了一袋糖盐加胰岛素,开足马力先给他补进去。
我又整理了一下自己的思路,急性脑血管病导致进食障碍,入量严重不足,导致低血容量休克和急性肾损伤。炎症指标的升高和肺部斑片影不排除呛咳引起吸入性肺炎的可能性,加上近期血糖控制不佳,导致感染加重。
听起来似乎还比较合理……
而患者经过快速补液后,下腔静脉迅速回升到1.3cm,血压比之前也有所恢复,收缩压能够达到90-100mmHg了,看上去正在向好的方向进展……
血糖飙高!领导急了?
两个小时之后,护士报警了,患者的指尖血糖超过测量上限。而此时入室急查的生化结果也回报了,肌酐459
μmol/L、尿素55.41mmol/L、葡萄糖25.17mmol/L、血钾4.35mmol/L、血钠154mmol/L。
领导此时开始呼叫我,快看看新患者的生化,渗透压有点高呀。
此时患者的有效血浆渗透压是
(154+4.35)
*2+25.17=342mOSM/L
,已经明显超过了290-310mOSM/L的界值。如果加入BUN的影响,此时血浆渗透压已达到390 mOSM/L!
回顾两天前的检查结果,当时的血浆渗透压也已达到336 mOSM/L,渗透压的迅速升高才是导致患者一切临床表现的根源:神志改变、少尿、低血容量休克、急性肾损伤。
这个患者哪里是什么脑血管病心衰肾衰,而是典型的2型糖尿病高糖高渗状态。
此时的我才开始恍然大悟。
赶忙翻书的我,才发现这是一个教科书级别的病例!
2型糖尿病高糖高渗状态
▎发病人群:
常见于60岁以上的2型糖尿病老年人。
▎诱因:
感染、急性胃肠炎、胰腺炎、脑血管意外、水摄入不足、大量摄入含糖饮料等。
▎临床表现:
起病隐匿,从发病到典型的临床表现一般为1-2周,偶尔急性起病;
起
病初期有口渴、多饮、多
尿、恶心、呕吐、食欲减退、反应迟钝、淡漠等表现;
典型
症状为中枢神经系统损害,表现为粗震颤、癫痫样抽搐、失语、偏盲、肢体瘫、昏迷等。
▎实验室检查:
尿糖强阳性,尿酮体阴性或弱阳性,可有蛋白尿和管型;
高
血糖、高
渗透
压、肾前性氮质血症;
高血糖可造成
早期
血钠水平假性降低,血糖每升高5.6 mmol/L,血钠下降1.6 mmol/L左右;
高糖高渗状态可造成全
身炎症指标显著升高。
▎诊断依据:
中老年患者,血糖>33.3 mmol/L;
有效血浆渗透压>320 mOSM/L;
血清碳酸氢根≥15 mmol/L或pH>7.30;
尿糖强阳性,血酮体阴性或弱阳性。
此外,若合并DKA或乳酸酸中毒,诊断依据中1、3、4不符合不能作为否定诊断的依据。
回顾本例患者,老年男性,有糖尿病病史,但没有接受任何降糖治疗。
入院前2周,因胃部不适大量饮用含糖饮料,诱发高糖高渗。
近2天由于渗透压逐渐升高,导致出现中枢神经系统症状,表现为肢体无力、抽搐进而发展为昏迷,并出现低血容量休克。
实验室检查提示血糖44 mmol/L,血钠初期降低,后期迅速升高,血浆渗透压接近400 mOSM/L,并出现肾前性氮质血症,血pH基本正常,尿糖强阳性,但尿酮体阴性。
影像学检查表现为下腔静脉塌陷,脑组织萎缩明显。
从诱因到临床表现到实验室检查,均符合非常典型的高糖高渗状态。
然而,由于固化的临床思维,我们一开始便先入为主地将患者视为慢性心衰急性加重和心肾综合征,忽略了早期即有显著升高的血糖和轻度升高的血浆渗透压,在初始治疗时为患者补充了大量的高渗液体,并使用了大量的利尿剂,不仅错过了高糖高渗纠正的最佳时机,更是为疾病起到推波助澜的作用。
至于患者后续的救治情况如何,那又是一个一波三折的故事。
来源:医学界心血管频道
*“医学界”力求所发表专业、可靠,但不对的准确性做出承诺;请相关各方在采用或以此作为决策依据时另行核查。
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255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}
div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}