难治的“黄龙病”

人类世界正因新冠肺炎而举步维艰的同时，还有几种流行性疾病正在危害着全球的农作物，使柑橘、橄榄和香蕉等水果的生产处于危险之中。

比如，在美国的“阳光之州”佛罗里达——这里贡献了美国80%的橙汁产量，每个柑橘园都有大约一半的果树染上来自亚洲的致命流行病，称作“黄龙病”或“柑橘绿化症”。患病后，果树的树根变得畸形，叶子比正常状态短两厘米，而且开始发黄。完全长成的柑橘还是青色的，它们本来应该像垒球那么大，但现在却只有乒乓球大小。发育不良的果实将提前坠落并腐烂，然后整个树株会慢慢死亡。

佛罗里达的柑橘园是“黄龙病”最严重的地方。更令人担忧的是，这种疾病还传播到了世界其他地方，包括墨西哥、印度、巴西和非洲南部，并感染了多种作物，造成了数百亿美元的损失。

科学家经过研究发现，“黄龙病”是由一种名为“亚洲柑橘木虱”的昆虫传播的，它携带致病细菌进入植物体内，专门感染植物循环系统中的韧皮部，尤其是根部。传统的治疗方法很难达到这些部位，大多数农药只是简单地喷洒或涂抹在植物的叶子或茎上，抗菌化合物很难通过循环系统运输到植物的根部。

为了对抗“黄龙病”、挽救果树，虽然科学家可以培育抵御“黄龙病”的转基因数株，但这会让水果消费者避而远之。相比之下，改进农药的使用方式或许才是更好的办法。于是，就读于麻省理工学院的中国生物医学博士曹云腾，想到了一个好方法——给植物贴上“创可贴”。

神奇的“创可贴”

所谓的“植物创可贴”，其实是一种微针贴片。

在人类医疗中，微针贴片已经有了广泛的应用。它通常含有一个小小的方块晶片，晶片上面布满了密密麻麻、细小尖锐的微型针头。这些针头由角蛋白、丝蛋白等丝质材料制成，内含药物。当微针贴片贴在身体上时，会无痛地刺破皮肤表层，然后，针头缓慢溶解，渐渐将药物释放到皮肤细胞间的间隙液中，进而使其进入血液。与传统的打针注射相比，微针贴片的疼痛感要小得多，对患者造成感染或其他伤害的风险较小，而且可以持续释放药物，增加疗效，因而深受患者欢迎。

考虑到微针贴片的上述优点，曹云腾发明了一种植物微针贴片，可以贴在大型植物的茎、叶、根或其他部位，将杀虫剂、农药等物质直接送入它们的循环系统中，提高吸收效率。虽然植物微针也是用丝质材料制作的，但是与人类所用的材料并不相同。这是因为植物体内的水分通常比人类少，所以微针在溶解时需要一些帮助。为此，制成的成品植物微针需要具有较强的亲水性（吸水性），以便更好地利用水分。但与此同时，植物微针仍然需要足够坚韧，才能刺破植物的表皮。与人类微针贴片一样，相比于对植物进行传统的皮下注射，使用植物微针的方式对植物的伤害也没有那么大。

在实验中，植物微针已经被成功用于向烟草植物和西红柿中注入荧光粒子，随后可以看到荧光粒子从植物的茎部移动到叶子和根部。除了运送抗生素或者营养素，植物微针还被证明有很多用途，它可以帮助科学家理解植物中的运输现象，也可以用来运送基因，以此改造植物。

到目前为止，植物微针是一种精密设备的实验室技术，曹云腾希望它在农业大规模使用，以对抗“黄龙病”。所以，他所在的研究小组利用一种安装在小型无人机上的玩具枪进行了田间应用测试，玩具枪能够将植物微针射入田间植物中。如果实验效果良好，那么在将来，植物微针将用于大规模的农业自动化生产中。

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.8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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