不久前,英国的工程师已经成功发明出了用空气储存能源的技术,只不过,他们为什么要发明出这样一种技术?
用来储存可再生能源
如今,人类所消耗的能源当中,至少已经有20%的能源是可再生能源,并且这一比例还将不断扩大。另外,用来生产可再生能源的技术也日趋发展。但是,在此过程中,一个重要的问题暴露出来了,那就是可再生能源的储存问题。
工程师可以随意地操控由煤炭和石油所产生的能源。当人们对电量的需求少时,可以减少化石燃料的燃烧,从而达到节省燃料的目的;当人们对电量的需求增长时,工程师可以及时添加化石燃料,从而满足人们的需求。
然而,可再生能源就不能这样了。以太阳能为例,情况往往是:在早上,太阳能供大于需,此时的可再生能源不仅能满足人们的需求,而且还有盈余,但由于没有储能设备,那些用不完的太阳能就只能浪费掉了;到了晚上,由于没有了太阳,这时的太阳能大大地减少,而人们在家中会同时使用其他电器,用电不仅没有减少,甚至还有增加。这种供需矛盾如果不能解决,太阳能等可再生能源的推广就会遇到瓶颈。
为了解决可再生能源的储能问题,英国工程师就发明了用空气来储能。但是,英国工程师为什么不直接使用锂电池,而是专门发明出这样一种新技术?
空气充电,好处多多
实际上,工程师们已经设想和模拟其他各种各样的方法了。例如,有这样一个“抽水蓄能”模型,把多余的可再生能源用来抽水,然后利用这些水来制造一个瀑布,这条瀑布会推动涡轮机来进行发电。但这个蓄能方法受限于地理条件,只能用于有丰富水资源和较高的高低落差之地。
工程师们还曾试过制造巨型的蓄能锂电池。但是锂本身就是一种稀缺且昂贵的资源,在开采锂以及处理报废巨型锂电池的过程中会对环境造成严重的污染。而且,这种巨型锂电池的使用时间最长只有10年。使用其他改进的电池也不行,澳大利亚已经在研制使用各种不同的电池电解液来储存可再生能源,尽管这项技术很有前景,但其制造价格昂贵,更重要的是,它会向空气中释放有毒的化学物质。
而空气就没有前面提到的各种局限性。用空气来储存可再生能源,不仅很少受地理条件的限制,储能效率很高,原料来源环保,而且空气本身就是可循环利用的。
液化空气来发电
当空气被冷却到-196℃时,它会变成液态。在利用空气储能的工厂中,把空气冷却到-196℃所使用的能源就取自多余可再生能源。液态空气随后会被储存到极其隔热的大型钢制气罐中,这种大型钢制气罐工作原理和功能类似于保温瓶,只不过它的效果会更好一些。
根据能量守恒定律,物质的能量不会凭空产生和消失。空气之所以能够冷却,其原因就在于它的“热能”被移出来了,而这被移出来的热能会被储存到另一个地方。到了晚上,需要补充发电能源时,这些储存在另一个地方的热能就会直接用来加热液化空气,而不需要工程师额外燃烧其他燃料来提供热能。
此时,被加热的液化空气会瞬间汽化,转化成体积为700倍的强劲气流,这股强劲气流又会推动涡轮发电机来进行发电。到了早上,工厂会重新补充空气,而这补充的空气就直接来自于当地的空气。通过计算,跟“抽水蓄能”、流体电池和巨型锂电池相比,空气的储能效率仅次于巨型锂电池。另外,空气还有两个它们所没有的优点,那就是环保和可循环利用。
用来冷却空气的工厂可以建在平原和一些高低落差不是太高的地方。另外,人们还可以在大型农场附近建造这种工厂,而且在工厂中,人们可以额外建造食物冷藏室,用已经液化了的冷空气来冷藏食物,这样,又能省下不少的能源。
第一座冷却空气的工厂已经在英国的曼彻斯特城落成。如今,该工厂晚上正在为附近的5000户人家供电。也许在不远的将来,晚上,就连我们的电器也有可能是由液化空气来供电的。
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#74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: 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