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脑科学动态
大脑如何将动机转化为目标导向的行为？
近期，阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校和国家心理健康研究所的科学家们发现了大脑如何在饥饿状态下激发动物寻找食物的强烈动机。实验通过训练小鼠在一个模拟觅食环境中寻找奖励，小鼠需在触发区等待直到听到提示音后开始移动，穿过长走廊到达奖励区领取草莓味的Ensure营养液。完成后，小鼠需返回触发区等待下一轮。这种设置模拟了自然环境中的觅食行为，小鼠很快学会了这一过程，并表现出极高的参与度。
研究者使用光学光度测量和钙离子传感器GCaMP监控PVT内两大神经元亚群在小鼠接近奖励和完成任务返回触发区时的活动。这些亚群是根据是否有多巴胺D2受体来区分的，分别代表PVTD2(+)和PVTD2(-)神经元。实验结果显示，PVTD2(+)神经元在接近奖励时活动增加，在任务完成后活动减少；而PVTD2(-)神经元则表现出相反的活动模式。
这项研究挑战了长期以来关于PVT功能的传统认识，证明了即便是同类细胞，不同亚群的神经元也能承担不同的功能角色，进而影响动机和目标导向行为。通过PVT到伏隔核（NAc）的轴突投射，大脑将需要状态转化为动机信号，参与调控复杂的行为模式。研究发表
Current Biology期刊。
#大脑动机机制 #神经元亚群 #室旁核 #动机状态 #目标追求行为
阅读论文：
Beas, S., Khan, I., Gao, C., Loewinger, G., Macdonald, E., Bashford, A., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, S., Pereira, F., & Penzo, M. A. (2024). Dissociable encoding of motivated behavior by parallel thalamo-striatal projections. Current Biology, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.037
蛔虫“全脑”活动的个体差异是如何产生的
东京大学Yu Toyoshima和Yuichi Iino带领的联合研究团队近期展示了秀丽隐杆线虫全脑活动中的个体差异，并从中提取出共性。此外，通过引入噪声或概率元素，可以更准确地模拟线虫的大脑活动。
这项研究使用微流控芯片和共聚焦显微镜技术，观察线虫对盐浓度变化的神经反应，发现即使在这种被认为神经回路相对一致的物种中，神经传递路径也存在个体间的显著差异。研究团队通过计算机模拟证明，只包含确定性元素的最初模拟产生了衰减的神经活动。通过向模型中添加噪声，团队实现了对线虫全脑活动的准确表征，不仅能够估算神经元间的连接强度，还证明了“噪声”对大脑活动的必要性。研究发表在
PLOS Computational Biology期刊。
#线虫大脑活动 #个体差异 #计算机模拟 #神经“噪声” #PLOSComputationalBiology
阅读论文：
Toyoshima, Y., Sato, H., Nagata, D., Kanamori, M., Jang, M. S., Kuze, K., Oe, S., Teramoto, T., Iwasaki, Y., Yoshida, R., Ishihara, T., & Iino, Y. (2024). Ensemble dynamics and information flow deduction from whole-brain imaging data. PLOS Computational Biology, 20(3), e1011848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011848
肠道细菌产生神经递质，塑造新生儿的免疫系统
在新生小鼠的小肠中进行的代谢物分析中，威尔康奈尔医学院的研究人员识别到血清素在新生儿肠道中高度富集，这种血清素主要由特定的肠道细菌产生。这些细菌通过直接改变T细胞的代谢，促进了肠道调节性T细胞的分化，进而促进了对饮食抗原和共生细菌的免疫耐受。
研究还显示，这些具有血清素生产能力的细菌，通过下调单胺氧化酶A的活性来限制血清素的分解，从而维持肠道中血清素的高水平。这一过程不仅增加了调节性T细胞的数量，还有助于防止免疫系统对肠道细菌或食物抗原的过度反应。通过将血清素直接口服灌胃给新生小鼠，研究发现这一处理能够在新生小鼠中引发长期的T细胞介导的对饮食抗原和共生细菌的特异性免疫耐受。研究发表在
Science Immunology
期刊。
#新生儿肠道细菌 #血清素 #免疫系统教育 #调节性T细胞 #食物过敏预防
阅读论文：
Sanidad, K. Z., Rager, S. L., Carrow, H. C., Ananthanarayanan, A., Callaghan, R., Hart, L. R., Li, T., Ravisankar, P., Brown, J. A., Amir, M., Jin, J. C., Savage, A. R., Luo, R., Rowdo, F. M., Martin, M. L., Silver, R. B., Guo, C.-J., Krumsiek, J., Inohara, N., & Zeng, M. Y. (2024). Gut bacteria–derived serotonin promotes immune tolerance in early life. Science Immunology, 9(93), eadj4775. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.adj4775
人脑老化新视角：基因表达揭示年龄预测模型
过往的研究探讨过健康人脑各区域随着老化发生的转录组变化，但基于特定转录物面板表达水平开发年龄预测模型的研究尚缺。此外，有关老化大脑中性别二态基因活动的研究结果不一。
哈佛大学公共卫生学院、马萨诸塞州总医院、哈佛医学院等机构的研究人员，综合分析了来自基因表达综合数据库（GEO）的PFC转录组数据集，涵盖了从21岁到105岁的样本，发现老年和高龄组与年轻组相比有大量差异性调控的转录物，同时也比较了性别特异性表达的变化。
研究团队运用本体论、通路和网络分析来评估与年龄相关的基因，并应用了各种机器学习算法，包括最小绝对收缩与选择算子（Lasso）、Elastic Net（EN）、极限梯度提升（XGBoost）和轻梯度提升机（LightGBM）等，开发出准确的年龄预测模型并进行了验证。研究发表在
Aging期刊。
#人脑老化 #基因表达 #年龄预测模型 #机器学习 #性别差异
阅读论文：
Zarrella, J. A., & Tsurumi, A. (2024). Genome-wide transcriptome profiling and development of age prediction models in the human brain. Aging, 16(5), 4075–4094. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205609
MRI 可以预测谁对精神分裂症治疗反应最好
荷兰研究人员近日报告称，神经黑素敏感型磁共振成像（NM-MRI），可能准确预测精神病患者是否会发展成为对治疗有抗性的精神分裂症。其中神经黑素可以提供健康多巴胺功能的视觉证据，而过量的多巴胺可能导致与精神病相关的攻击性和冲动控制能力差。
研究包括了62位18至35岁经历首次精神病发作的患者，所有患者都被诊断为精神分裂症谱系疾病。这些患者与20名健康志愿者的对照组进行了比较。所有患者接受了临床访谈、智商测试和NM-MRI扫描，而精神病患者接受了抗精神病治疗。六个月后，研究人员对治疗反应进行了评估。根据基线NM-MRI，15名非反应者在称为黑质的大脑区域有显著较低的信号。研究者基于神经黑素的证据，能够以高达68%的准确率预测哪些患者会对治疗有反应。在28名反应者和9名非反应者的后续扫描中，NM-MRI信号在六个月内没有变化。研究发表在
The American Journal of Psychiatry
上。
#脑部扫描 #治疗抗性精神分裂症 #神经黑素 #多巴胺功能 #早期诊断
阅读论文：
van der Pluijm, M., Wengler, K., Reijers, P. N., Cassidy, C. M., Tjong Tjin Joe, K., de Peuter, O. R., Horga, G., Booij, J., de Haan, L., & van de Giessen, E. (2024). Neuromelanin-Sensitive MRI as Candidate Marker for Treatment Resistance in First-Episode Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, appi.ajp.20220780. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220780
首次在日常活动场景中，观察到猴脑如何编码社交行为
传统上，大脑功能的研究多在严格控制的实验室环境中进行，而关于动物或人类在日常活动中大脑功能的变化和特性了解甚少。近期，宾夕法尼亚大学的一项研究首次观察到猕猴在进行日常活动时社交行为是如何在大脑中编码的。
为了揭示这些差异及其本质，研究人员设计了三种场景下的实验：猴子独自一人、与另一只雄性猴子互动以及与一只已建立良好关系的雌性伴侣互动。实验涉及四只成年恒河猴，但只有雄性猴子被安装了神经记录设备。实验开始时，被测试的雄性猴会被安装一个装置，用于记录其前额叶和颞叶皮层的神经活动。每次互动实验持续约2.5小时。
通过分析，研究团队识别出24种特定的行为模式及其社交情境。进一步的分析显示，雄性和雌性猴子在相互理毛时表现出近乎完美的互惠性。当被记录的雄性猴子面临攻击性入侵者时，其行为和神经反应显示出一定程度的同理心，而这种同理心可以通过友善的雌性伴侣的存在而得到缓解。研究团队认为，他们的实验展示了大脑对日常活动的广泛神经响应分布，而且在人类大脑中可能发生类似的模式。研究发表在Nature期刊。
#社交行为编码 #日常活动神经响应 #恒河猴研究 #脑部监测 #前额叶和颞叶皮层活动
阅读论文：
AI 行业动态
OpenAI CTO采访语焉不详，Sora训练数据遭质疑
近期，OpenAI CTO Mira Murati在近期采访中对其训练数据的来源话语含糊，引发公众对其真实性和透明度的质疑。尤其是在数据来源的细节上，被几次提问后，Murati的回答从“我们使用的是公开可用的数据，以及经过许可的数据”到随后的“不确定”表述，令人猜疑。
#Sora #OpenAI #AI视频生成 #数据透明度 #技术挑战
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rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: 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div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}
