在古装剧中,街头常常有这样一个角色:手相大师。他们或被塑造成坑蒙拐骗的角色引人一笑,或是真正的隐士高人,能通过看手相给主角指点迷津,让主角做出正确的人生选择。当然,我们现在知道,手相并没有藏着什么“人生密码”,所谓“手相大师”并不可信。不过,我们的身上确实有一个器官,它“记载”着生命中的许多大事,那就是——牙齿,科学家能从牙齿上看出许多人生故事。
牙齿出生记
牙齿在我们出生之前就已经在发育了。妈妈怀孕第六周后,胚胎中就分配出了部分细胞,这些细胞未来将发育成牙齿;怀孕的第五个月左右,胎儿牙齿的雏形基本形成。除去中间的一次换牙,如果没有发生龋齿等需要拔牙的情况,牙齿将终生陪伴我们。
牙齿的形成分为三个阶段:生长期、钙化期和萌出期。生长期是细胞分化的过程,在这个时期,细胞们要分工,决定自己将来要成为牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质还是牙髓,它们都是牙齿的重要成分,缺一不可。
在钙化期,牙釉质和牙本质同步形成。牙釉质是牙齿最外面的一层白色半透明的东西,是由许多种金属矿物质一层层堆积而成的,它很硬,硬度仅次于金刚石。牙本质是牙齿的主体,位于牙釉质和牙骨质之间,是一层淡黄色的物质,硬度低于牙釉质。
最后形成的牙骨质也是一层黄色的物质,它覆盖在牙本质上,通过一根根蜘蛛网一样的胶原纤维与牙槽骨相连,起到保护牙本质的作用。当牙齿咬到很硬的东西时,整个牙齿都可能因受到重击而晃动,这时候胶原纤维就会断开,允许牙齿轻微晃动释放压力,等新的胶原纤维和牙骨质连接上时,牙骨质上就会出现一条裂痕。
牙髓是牙齿的“司令部”,牙齿形成前,它决定了一颗牙齿是长成门牙、犬齿还是臼齿。牙齿形成后,它就成了牙齿的“粮草官”,藏着许多牙神经和血管,未来负责给牙齿提供营养支持,因此它被深藏在了牙齿的最里面。牙髓也“藏”好后,一颗牙齿就形成了,然后就到了萌出期——等到了合适的时机牙齿就会“破皮”而出。
牙齿里记着自闭症的奥秘
我们已经知道了,牙釉质是由许多金属离子和矿物质形成的,而自闭症和多动症等神经疾病的发生也与重金属离子有关。那么分析牙釉质的金属离子组成,可不可以判断孩子们发生自闭症的概率呢?
美国西奈山伊坎医学院的生物学家保罗·柯廷及其团队开发了一种算法,能从乳齿中的金属含量判断孩子们发生自闭症和多动症的可能性。研究小组用一种高度敏感的质谱仪对乳齿的牙釉质生长环进行了分析,他们发现患有自闭症的孩子的牙齿中神经毒素铅的含量更高,而必需元素锰和锌的含量却降低了,而且这些金属元素在牙釉质中像树木的年轮一样按照时间的先后顺序一层层地堆叠。通过判断这些元素在体内堆积的时间,即能确认有毒元素进入身体的时间。
该小组收集了74名孩子的乳牙,通过扫描和算法分析,预测其中33名儿童患有多动症、自闭症或两者兼有,另外41名儿童正常,结果表明他们的预测准确度高达90%。这个方法甚至能准确预测一对双胞胎中某个孩子发生自闭症的可能性,这是基因分析目前做不到的。
生殖或生病,牙齿全知道
当牙齿遭受重力撞击时,胶原纤维会断裂,与之相连的牙齿根部的保护层——牙骨质也会出现断层。“灾难”过去后,牙骨质就会重建,它的主要成分是一种叫做羟基磷灰石的晶体,它是一种含钙矿物质,因此,如果在重建前后,人体中的钙含量发生了显著变化,在牙骨质中将会体现。
母亲分娩前后,性激素和孕激素的分泌量会急剧变化,这影响了骨骼对钙的吸收,因此许多女性生育后常常会发生骨质疏松症,在她们的牙齿上也表现出了同样的变化。美国纽约大学的牙科学博士保拉·塞里托拍摄了一些女性牙齿的组织照片。在照片中,能明显看出生育前后牙骨质的变化:生育前牙骨质较厚,生育后牙骨质变薄了,变成了深浅不同的两个区域。
根据牙骨质的变化和计算牙骨质形成的年速率,塞里托“看出”了被试者的一些人生经历。一个代号为M21-08的女性被试者的牙骨质上有一条明显的分界线,形成年龄约在17.6岁,但她那个时候并没有结婚生育。塞里托认为,可能那时候M21-08的家庭一夜暴富了,使她的家庭条件和饮食结构发生了变化。结果确实如此,M21-08的背景调查报告显示,她在18岁时从农村搬到了城市中,生活条件和饮食变得更好了。
在对另一个50岁的女性被试者PCF1的牙骨质进行检查后,塞里托推测她在39.7岁左右进入了更年期。事实是该女性在38岁开始就进入了更年期——这可能与她36岁就发生的激素分泌紊乱有关。在对多位男性被试者的牙齿照片进行分析后,塞里托成功找出了那些曾患过严重疾病的人,比如肾脏疾病。塞里托甚至从部分男性被试者的牙骨质的变化中判断出他们有坐牢经历。
在对总共47颗牙齿及其主人的分析中,塞里托的“算命”时间误差没有超过两年,判断生育时间的准确度几乎达到100%。
从牙齿看寿命
不同物种的牙齿的发育速度是不同的,牙齿发育越快的物种寿命越短,这是美国纽约大学牙科学家蒂莫西•布罗米奇的研究成果。布罗米奇在观察哺乳动物牙釉质增长线时,发现了不同物种的牙齿生长节律。老鼠牙齿的生长节律间隔是1天,人类是8天,这说明老鼠的牙齿生长速度是人的8倍,但它们的平均寿命为3年,远远不如人的寿命。此外,他还观察到,老鼠颅骨的生长速度也约是人类的8倍。据此他认为,体形越小的哺乳动物生长节律周期越短,生命总体周期长度也会缩短。
美国埃默里大学的人类学家乔治·阿梅拉格斯则认为,牙釉质发生缺陷的人寿命会更短。牙釉质缺陷指的是牙齿裂缝或发生凹陷,起因可能是疾病、不良饮食或心理压力。在阿梅拉格斯曾进行过的考古实验中,有一群来自南非的南方古猿,其中那些在幼年时期就发生牙釉质缺陷的南方古猿与其他个体相比,寿命平均下降了近12年。在另一个考古活动中,阿梅拉格斯又发现一些有牙齿缺陷的古人类比牙齿健康的人少活了15.4年。
原来,牙齿一生中竟然偷偷地藏了这么多“小本本”,把我们曾对它的伤害通通记着,并在未来的某一天爆发出来,给我们致命一击。现在,你还敢小瞧牙齿吗?
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.35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: 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#06ae56;--weui-FG: #000;--weui-BG: #fff;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: #fa9d3b;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: #06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BTN-DEFAULT-ACTIVE-BG: #e6e6e6}.wx-root,body{--weui-DIALOG-LINE-COLOR: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1)}.wx-root,body{--weui-BG-COLOR-ACTIVE: #ececec}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BTN-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BTN-DEFAULT-ACTIVE-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, 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#202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, 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#c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}