央视315晚会后,互联网信贷平台的“会员制”成为舆论焦点。商家制定会员权益,原本是一种常见的营销方式,近年来助贷机构争先布局。消金界了解到,目前该业务在中小平台的营收中占比或已达20%-50%。对于腰部平台而言,其已成为稳定现金流的核心业务之一。然而,该营销方式不乏被滥用,导致“砍头息”“套路贷”等重出江湖。为避免被误解,目前多家知名平台已经紧急下架该业务。
究其原因,近年来资产荒愈发严峻,市场风险却进一步抬头。在此背景下,不少机构试图提高24%/36%的利率上限来保住营收。与此同时,也在不断开拓各种商业变现的路径。路子野的,已滑落至在法规边缘试探。
01
争议会员制
会员制/会员卡这样的业务模式,在业内早已不是新鲜事儿。此前违规运作的业务模式已被叫停。
2018年,监管领导的互金专项整治办下发《关于提请对部分“现金贷”平台加强监管的函》的附件——《现金贷花样不断翻新“偷天换日”逃避监管》,即点名违规情况。其中之一就提到了要求贷款客户办理会员卡、高价购买商品等违规操作,实际上均是在变相抬高利率,以隐晦手段多收借贷利率。在一段时间的整改后,违规“玩法”几乎销声匿迹,加之彼时将高利信贷打入“扫黑除恶”之列,行业整改很快到位。
目前出现的会员制/会员卡,始于一些平台在会员运营时的增信手段。类似银行的信用卡“普卡—银卡—金卡—白金卡”的进阶化设计。用户借还记录越多,信用积累越好,平台在提额与利率优惠上就会优先考虑,还会附赠一些会员权益,以绑定客户,提升客户活跃度。在获客难获客贵的背景下,这是消费信贷平台精细化运营的必然选择,也是做会员制/会员卡的正解。
然而,一些平台却在这种模式身上打起了“歪主意”。会员制成为巧立名目,变相收费的手段。在24%/36%的红线约束下,一些平台通过会员费,收取了超额的利息。消金界了解到,监管要求产品年化利率明码标价后,因该类方式的收取不在产品标价之内,因此变相绕过了监管。至此成为一些平台增收的又一“手段”。
目前此类业务需要整改。3月19日,中国互联网金融协会发布关于开展变相高息“现金贷”、“套路贷”等问题自查整改的通知。其中规定,具备合法放贷业务资质的机构,应切实践行负责任金融的理念,向具备借款条件的借款人推荐合适的贷款产品,并在事前向借款人明示贷款主体、贷款年化利率、还款付息安排、逾期清收等基本信息,不得以强行搭售优惠券、会员服务等方式变相抬高利率,不得从借贷本金中以先行扣除利息、手续费、管理费等方式直接或变相收取“砍头息”。
一些从业者认为,该类业务合规重点在于是否“存在诱导”以及“强制搭售”。
消金界了解到,会员权益服务,由于自建渠道成本高昂,绝大多数平台通过采购或者分销的模式,有的一次性向用户收取99元、199元、299元到千元不等的费用,也有的按照月卡、季卡、年卡来收取。用户购买会员权益,可以获得优先审批、优先放款和提额机会,有的也会附加专属客服等增值服务。
在一些平台上,投诉用户认为,根据最高法院最新规定,在贷款产品中,利息、滞纳金、手续费等加起来不得超过24%,而助贷机构默认用会员权益补偿利率,类似于砍头息,属于变相收取高额利息。
不过也有一些人认为,互联网助贷平台搭建会员体系,如果提供了额度提升、利率优惠、会员权益等增值服务,而且金额不高,与总放贷额度相比占比很低,并不能简单归类为变相的“砍头息”。在实际操作中,一些平台主打轻资产模式,放贷主体为银行,助贷平台的会员收费与信贷产品的利息是不同的项目,并不能混为一类,向用户标明清楚即可。
从协会发出的通知来看,行业自查整改或许只是第一步;而后的监管措施才是重中之中。目前认真学习政策,积极沟通还是很有必要的。
02
背后的资产荒
会员权益是一种常见的营销策略,旨在通过提供特定会员特权和福利来吸引和留住客户。银行、消金机构虽然也在搭建自己的运营体系,但付费会员模式占比极低。而且会员与借贷之间的关系,一般也没有那么直接。不太容易引发用户的心理抵触与反弹。
对于信贷平台,会员模式是精细化运营的手段之一,好处不言而喻,包括提高用户忠诚度、提高客户复购率、促进口碑传播等,但也会增加平台的运营和维护成本。一些机构近年来推出了付费会员模式。
消金界了解到,这种模式本质上还是资产荒背景下的流量焦虑。去年以来,资产荒愈发严峻,而银行等金融机构继续下沉客群,压榨了助贷平台的利润空间。助贷机构为保住原有余额不下降,开始使用多种方式保住客群,并尝试各种商业化流量变现的路径。有机构一年凭此业务增加了30多亿元的营收,引发更多机构的关注与加入。
但红线就在那里。如果用过了必将遭到反噬。针对此次整改,有机构表示,如果会员权益这条路走不通,可以采用双融担的模式,或者以积分替代会员等模式。然而这条路的合规边界并不清晰,也不知道能走多远。
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