生活中有一些产品非常实用，但它们其实早已脱离了发明者的初衷。你能猜到这些发明最初是用来做什么的吗？

跑步机：囚犯的刑具

跑步机是健身房里的明星，人们无需经受日晒雨淋，就能在跑步机上锻炼身体。这听起来很享受，但在19世纪，跑步机是一种可怕的刑具。

1818年，英国工程师库比特认为囚犯们应当从事体力劳动，给社会做出贡献。跑步机的雏形诞生了，它像一个长长的水车滚筒，犯人们踩在踏板上奔跑，滚筒带动齿轮，研磨牢房外的谷物。

跑步机一旦转动起来，犯人们就必须不停地踏步，否则就会掉下去。他们每天要跑好几个小时，相当于攀登1500～4300米高的高山；眼前却没有高山的美景，只有单调的墙壁。这些折磨使囚犯们身心俱疲，意外死亡的情况时有发生。

直到1898年，英国监狱法才将“跑步机之刑”废除。到20世纪60年代，改良的跑步机才成为广为人知的健身器械。

丝袜和高跟鞋：男士的标配

高跟鞋似乎是女性的代表，然而在16世纪，它是波斯士兵骑马时的专业穿戴。骑马非常颠簸，士兵的脚很容易在脚蹬上打滑，于是他们让鞋匠把鞋跟加高，好让脚稳稳地卡在脚蹬上，便于作战。这一风尚逐渐在欧洲流传开来，成为权力和男子气概的象征。与高跟鞋相伴的还有丝袜，丝袜由来自中国的昂贵丝绸制成，光洁华丽，被广大贵族男士竞相追捧。

渐渐地，它们在女性时尚中也掀起了热潮；后来，男性开始选择更方便运动的实用服装，不再穿丝袜和高跟鞋了。

气泡膜：失败的墙纸

气泡膜是快递包裹的“保护壳”，不过，其发明者菲尔丁与沙万尼斯最初是想制造一种有立体花纹的墙纸。他们把塑料膜塞进了热封机里，出来的却是一张满是小气泡的纸，墙纸以失败而告终。

恰好这时著名的计算机公司IBM研发出了新型电脑，却没有合适的材料保护电脑，以避免运输过程中的磕碰。从前，人们只能把旧报纸卷成团塞在货物周围，但这起到的保护作用微乎其微。气泡膜的出现对IBM而言简直是意外之喜，它轻便、廉价，对货物能起到极好的保护作用。气泡膜就这样以包装材料的身份走进了大众的视野，现在，它每年都要护送全球各地的数十亿件产品。

橡皮泥：不合格的军用橡胶

这种橡皮泥也叫“泥彩蛋”，它能任意拉伸，深得许多小朋友的喜爱。但它并非天生就是玩具，而是出于军用目的开发的。

二战时期，美军迫切需要橡胶来制造飞机、坦克、车辆的轮胎，但日本阻断了亚洲的橡胶供应。于是，他们向民间企业求助，希望找到合成橡胶的配方。工程师詹姆斯·赖特跃跃欲试，他用硼酸和硅油制造了一种新奇的材料，这种材料非常有弹性，却不是理想的橡胶替代品。赖特大失所望，一名商人却眼前一亮，把这些东西装在塑料蛋壳里，作为玩具销售。渐渐地，橡皮泥流行起来，成为了孩子们最常见的玩具之一。

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rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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