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错把国宝当狗盆
文 |
邱建一
现今全世界不足百件（约70多件）的汝窑瓷器当中，被认为最好的一件就是台北故宫博物院的北宋汝窑青瓷无纹水仙盆。台北故宫博物院有21件清宫旧藏的汝窑瓷器（北京故宫博物院仅有17件，是由各地征集而来）。台北故宫博物院是全世界最大的汝窑瓷收藏地点。而且这21件汝窑瓷都是现存的70多件当中的上品，无纹水仙盆更是上品中的精品。
绝世精品
宋代是瓷器的全盛时期。到底这个无纹水仙盆为什么好？哪里好？原则上有三大特点：一是釉色纯正，通体呈现天青色；其二是釉面没有开片纹路；最后是它的造型典雅。由于汝窑是先烧素坯，之后再上釉进行二次烧制，因为胎体与釉面的膨胀收缩系数不同，冷却时釉的收缩率大于胎体，导致釉面开裂，称为“开片”。这原本是瓷器烧制过程中的缺点，但人们掌握了开裂的规律性，让开片釉变成了一种装饰。
开片是多数传世汝窑瓷器常见的特征，但还是会有例外——这件台北故宫博物院收藏的汝窑青瓷无纹水仙盆，就是现存传世汝窑瓷器中，唯一一件通体施釉均匀、只有底部有六处支钉烧痕、完全没有任何开片纹路、釉色沉静自然的绝世精品！
这件瓷器以前被认为是宫廷内养小狗的食盆，真是有眼不识泰山。乾隆本人为了帮宝盆正名，还为这件水仙盆写了诗，刻在盆底：
官窑莫辨宋还唐，火气都无有葆光。 便是讹传食器，蹴枰却识豢恩偿。 龙脑香薰蜀锦裾，华清无事饲康居。 乱棋解释三郎急，谁识黄虬正不如。
数量极少
一般而言，北宋五大名窑“汝钧官哥定”之首就是汝窑。汝窑是来自河南的瓷器，又分为汝官窑、汝民窑两大系统。汝官窑烧制时间很短暂，仅北宋晚期出现，之后因为战乱就停止了，从北宋哲宗元祐元年（1086年）到徽宗崇宁五年（1106年），约20年左右，所以数量极少。官窑烧制的瓷器专供皇室使用，有严格的品质控管，不良品当场敲碎销毁。
清凉寺窑址发掘现场照片
清雍正时期，紫禁城曾经清点过旧藏的汝窑器，总数31件。1987年，上海博物馆出版有关汝窑的专著，说明当时公私收藏的汝窑瓷器总计有65件。1987年后，随着不断地研究与发现，数量逐步提升。总量约在70件上下，这是一般的共识。
身世之谜
历史上汝官窑烧制时间很短暂，加上战乱，真正的产地一直是个谜团，过去只知道它位于河南省的某处。传说中的汝窑地点有三个：宝丰县清凉寺、汝州市张公巷、汝州市文庙。现今经由考古挖掘已经知道，汝官窑应该就是河南省宝丰县清凉寺村汝官窑遗址，后两个地点比较可能是汝民窑，但它们是21世纪初期才真正确认的。
宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址陈列的复原窑炉
20世纪50年代，北京故宫博物院陶瓷专家陈万里等人，根据文献资料的记载，确认了北宋晚期汝州的位置，到河南省宝丰县进行调查，但很可惜没有找到汝官窑遗址。
20世纪60年代，叶喆民等人依据陈万里的脚步，又进行了几次小规模的调查，但在宝丰县还是没有找到典型的汝官窑瓷片作为佐证。1977年，叶喆民再度出发前往宝丰县调查，这次他找到一片足以作为标本的瓷片，并且用仪器验证，与博物馆收藏的汝官窑瓷器相同。但这个发现并没有引起重视，因为只有一片瓷片，并非遗址，证据稍嫌薄弱。
2000年4月，清华大学美术学院教授，著名古陶瓷学家叶喆民先生(前右)同故宫博物院研究员叶佩兰(后左)、刘伟(后右)在宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址考察
1985至1986 年间，宝丰县开始进行大规模的调查，在10公里的范围内发现了10多座古代窑址。
水落石出
1985年，当地陶瓷厂王姓工人听说附近村民无意中挖出一件瓷器，赶过去察看，原来是一只盘子（或称“洗”，是用来洗手的器皿）。王姓工人当即拿出600块钱买下盘子，虽然有点残缺，他还是拿到上海博物馆与馆藏汝窑对照鉴别。馆方觉得这盘子可能真有来头，因此便努力劝说王姓工人将该盘子捐献给国家，并且仔细询问他发现的地点。1987年5月，上海博物馆依据王姓工人的描述，在宝丰县清凉寺采集到46件碎瓷片。汝官窑遗址的发现，在当时引起轰动。
瓷片堆积层
1998年，河南省考古队再次出发挖掘。此时，清凉寺一个村民在家挖地窖，挖出了一些瓷片，于是报告给考古队。考古队获得申请后，在村子的便道和院内进行了试探性挖掘，在不到70平方米的区域内，就挖掘出数千片天青釉瓷器碎片，可以复原的器物约20余件，瓷片堆积层厚达10厘米，而且全部都是天青釉瓷片。同时还有烧瓷器时所需的工具，例如匣钵、支钉、垫圈、火照等制瓷工具也同时出土。
窑址发掘的支烧工具
窑址发掘的试火片
2000 年6月，村民开始搬迁，之后便展开大规模的挖掘，汝官窑的烧造区终于真正获得确认：一共发掘窑炉15座、作坊两座、澄泥池两个、釉料坑两个，面积15万平方米，几乎包括整个清凉寺村。汝官窑的身世之谜终于解开！
来源：
摘
自《典范与传承：中华国宝级文物背后的艺术史》
，
邱建一 著 海峡书局&后浪 2024年1月出版
：尹子
审校：
娜拉
终审：孔平
（本文仅代表观点，不代表本号立场）
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rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: 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