唐朝武则天时期,同州下邽县(今陕西渭南)发生了一起命案。
凶手叫徐元庆,驿站的一名服务生,而死者叫赵师韫,是一名即将赴朝廷上任的御史。
朝廷大吏被杀,干系重大,此案层层上报,最终送到了武则天面前。(按唐律,死刑犯需皇帝核准)。
饶是武则天通晓经典,对这个案子也皱起了眉头,不得不喊来大臣们一起讨论案情。
那么,徐元庆杀人案,到底是怎么一回事呢?
话说这位赵师韫,之前曾任下邽县县尉,相当于今天的县公安局局长,在任期间杀了一名叫徐爽的人。
徐爽的儿子就是徐元庆,此人为了报仇,隐姓埋名进入驿站做了一名服务生,伺机等待赵师韫路过。因为古代的官员出差赶路,中途肯定会夜宿驿站。
果然,赵师韫被调任京官以后,刚好就路过这家驿站,于是夜深人静时刻,徐元庆提刀进入赵师韫房间,将其杀死。
事后,徐元庆并没打算逃跑,反而是到官府自首。
这起案件为何让武则天发愁呢,原因就在于,按照礼制,徐元庆替父报仇,天经地义,但是按照法制,徐元庆蓄意谋杀,理应伏法。
毕竟,在《礼记》中,孔子明确提出了“杀父之仇,不共戴天”的说法。
"父之雠,弗与共戴天;兄弟之雠,不反兵;交游之雠,不同国。"
大家要知道,作为儒家经典之一的《礼记》在大唐时期地位极高,再加上科举制的推行,底层群众的识字率也颇为改善,于是比较通俗易懂的《礼记》反而在社会上下面都拥有极其广泛的影响力。
礼和法原本是相互作用,然后来维持社会秩序的,但是现在让人头疼的是,同时被大家推崇的两个价值观,彼此之间居然发生了冲突。
所以这个案子如果处理不好,会在社会上引起极度的思想混乱。
此案经过大臣们讨论以后,多数人都认为徐元庆替父报仇,孝义可嘉,应该赦免。
就在这时,一个叫陈子昂的右拾遗站出来,表达了不同的观点。
陈子昂大家应该不陌生,就是那位写出“前不见古人,后不见来者。念天地之悠悠,独怆然而涕下”的初唐大诗人。
顺道科普一下,拾遗这个官职,品级虽然比较低(正八品),但是属于跟在皇帝后边替皇帝检查疏漏的一个谏官,是一个很有前途的官职。白居易和杜甫都曾经干过这个活。
陈子昂认为,按照国法,杀人偿命,天经地义,徐元庆理应处死,但念在其为父报仇,情有可原,应该在处死以后,在其家乡对其进行嘉奖,以表彰其孝行。
不仅如此,为了告诫后人,陈子昂还建议朝廷将他的这份奏疏刊发全国,作为地方官断案的参考。
也正因为如此,这个案子才被记录在了《旧唐书》中,名字就叫《复仇义状》。
武则天觉得在理,于是按照陈子昂的建议结束了这个案子。
然而在徐元庆案发生七十年之后,另一位大佬提出了不同的看法。
这位大家更熟悉,就是唐宋八大家之一的柳宗元。
柳宗元也向当朝皇帝上了一份奏疏,名字就叫《驳复仇义》,在奏疏中柳宗元对徐元庆案做了一个独到的解读。
首先,礼的作用是啥?不就是明确是非,防止社会秩序混乱嘛?
所以如果徐元庆他爹该杀,那徐元庆就不该报仇,否则就是跟国法对抗,如果赵师韫杀徐爽属于滥杀无辜或者错杀,那不需要徐元庆动手,朝廷就应该替他报仇。
这句话直接切中了此案的要害,即,徐元庆的父亲到底该不该被杀。
所以,这就衍生出了第二个矛盾点,如果徐元庆案罪该死,那就杀掉他,如果他做的是对的,那就应该表彰他,怎么能既处罚又表彰呢?
这不是精神分裂嘛?
柳宗元的观点并非空穴来风,在《春秋》的三大教辅材料之一的《公羊传》中,有这样的一个观点:
父不受诛,子复雠可也:父受诛,子复雠,推刃之道也。
我们知道,公羊传是对春秋的解读,因为孔子作春秋,惜字如金,很多大家完全看不懂,于是后人就编写了三部教辅资料,方便大家理解春秋,这就是《春秋三传》。
而公羊传就是其中之一。
上述这段话,是公羊传对于《春秋》中“冬,十有一月,庚午,蔡侯以吴子及楚人战于伯莒(柏举之战),楚师败绩。”的解读。
春秋的笔法素来讲究微言大义,用简单的几个词,表达孔子对该事件的褒贬,比如上文中,“子”是古代对于成年男子的尊称,蔡侯和吴王联合跟楚国作战,而孔子在这里称呼吴王阖闾为“子”,说明他认为此战中,吴国的出兵是正义的。
为什么正义的呢?
一是受蔡侯求救,抵抗楚国进攻,因此吴国虽然是个蛮夷,但有为中原分忧之心。
二是伍子胥的父兄都被楚平王所杀,伍子胥为父报仇,天经地义,因此战有吴国替伍子胥报仇的情分,所以孔子认为伍子胥报仇合理,并且因此称呼武王阖闾为“子”。
“诛”一般表示上级杀下级,是以有道杀无道,是以正义之刀杀有罪之人;反过来则是“弑”,下级杀上级,无道杀有道,有罪杀正义。
所以按照《公羊传》那句话的观点,如果做父亲的,没有罪行而被国君杀掉,那么儿子是可以跟国君断绝关系并且复仇的,反过来,如果父亲是有罪而被杀,那么儿子就不能复仇,否则就是“推刃之道”,也就是冤冤相报何时了的意思了。
既然讲到这里,我们顺便再衍生一下。
这里的国君,特指是诸侯,如果诸侯做错了是,当事人可以离开诸侯到其他国家,所以叫断绝关系,但如果是周天子做错了是,因普天之下莫非王土,你即便是到了别的国家,也没法跟周天子断绝关系,所以君臣之义是不可以断绝的。
也就是说,如果诸侯错杀了父亲,当儿子的可以断绝君臣关系去复仇,但如果是天子错杀了父亲,那么儿子就不能去复仇,因为你终归是断不了君臣关系。
讲了这么一大段,其实都是在说伍子胥出逃楚国,借用吴国力量为父报仇,并且被孔子所肯定的事情。
可见儒家学说并不只是一味的教人怎么忠君爱国,与人为善,偶尔也会教人怎么复仇,怎么杀人。
而柳宗元在《驳复仇议》中引用这个典故,其实就是在给自己找“礼制”上的依据。
是对就要褒奖,是错就要惩罚,礼制和法制的作用必然是同向的,怎么能够自相矛盾呢?
柳宗元在这里还提到了一个关键点,即,什么叫“仇”?
按照孔子宣扬的礼法,蒙受冤屈而死,才叫仇,按照法律判决而死的,那不叫仇。所以《周礼》中也有规定:
“凡杀人而义者,令勿仇;仇之则死。有反杀者,邦国交仇之”
所以如果按照伍子胥替父报仇的标准来判决徐元庆这个案子,那么事情就比较简单了。
柳宗元的结论是:
徐元庆不忘父仇,这是孝,报完仇以后不跑路,不怕死,这是义。
徐元庆能够恪尽孝道,又能为义而从容赴死,一切都合乎礼制,这样一个讲究人,怎么会与国法相抗衡?
潜台词就是,徐元庆这样一个奉公守法讲究道义的人,之所以选择了为父报仇,那就说明他爹应该是死于非命,所以整个案件到此也就水落石出。
即徐元庆不该死。
柳宗元的观点收获了后世无数好评和疯狂点赞,曾国藩云:“子厚此议最为允当。
尽管儒家学说放在今天已经不适合现代文明社会,春秋决狱也早已过时,但其中蕴含的一些思想却仍然具有很强的指导意义。
礼在今天,相当于社会价值观,法自不必多言,自然就是法律。
就像柳宗元在《驳复仇议》中的观点一样,礼和法的根本作用应该是一样的,而不应该互相矛盾。我们的社会价值取向,和我们的法律在根本上也应该是一样的。
如果法律对一个案件的约束,已经明显滞后于社会价值取向,甚至成为某些法外狂徒刻意作奸犯科的保护伞,并且当这种漏洞已经被整个社会所公认的时候,那为何不尽快予以变革,从而让礼法一体呢?
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