自古皖地多壮士,名人也出了不少。刘铭传可谓清末较有影响的人物了。其最大的名气就在于他是清廷首任台湾巡抚。他的一生因抵御外侮和治理台湾而英名留史,也因为晚年辞官归乡后听闻清廷割让台湾而气绝身亡。
真是兴也念兹,亡也念兹。
他的名字已然深深地植埋于我国台湾的近代历史中,紧密相连,无法分割。
去年夏天,我趁着去合肥的机会,本想着去合肥西郊的紫蓬山转转,爬爬紫蓬山、看看山上有名的西庐寺。刘铭传的故居就在合肥西郊,地处肥西县,就在紫蓬山下。于是就决定顺道先去铭传故居。不想顺道变成了主题,山没有爬成,西庐寺也没有见着,倒是在刘铭传故居盘亘了许久。
一路驱车向西,过去尘土飞扬的土路,如今草木葱茏,道路宽阔。即使行入县道,一来一去,也修得平整干净和通畅。显然,合肥包括这里的肥西县投入不少,近年来发展显著。
道路两边或稻田郁郁,或玉米婷婷。经过的乡村,整洁有序,而鲜有人迹。满眼的绿意,明晃晃的,一片夏日生机。许是丘陵地带,县道弯曲,略有起伏。远望处一带带也是绿意盎然的小山,层峦叠嶂。虽不高,但一看就觉得是风水宝地。
一直有个很有趣的发现,许多城市的西部,往往景致优美,人文深厚。好像长三角很多城市大多如此。
随着故居渐近,景色更加幽静。在一座山坳下的村路口,有个神秘的所在,似被一座城堡包围。刘铭传故居到了。
首先见到的是广场。故居隔着一条道路,道路对面被平整出一片广场。广场上矗立着一座高大的石碑,上刻行书“铭传园”。其后不远处就是一泓碧水,连着附近的湖泊。当时是盛夏天,近处荷莲蔓蔓,香远溢清。湖面近狭远阔,对岸野树丛林,再往远处一片白茫茫,银光闪闪,波浪淼淼,尽头便是一长带青山贴在蓝天下,忽隐忽现,恍如仙山一般。
故居门面不大,紧邻县道,两旁遍植杨柳,故居就隐在后面。故居大门处,右边是“刘铭传故居”石碑,左边一块刻着“海峡两岸交流基地”,落款是国务院台湾事务办公室。皆为今人设立,虽为景区的通常配置,但也因海峡与台湾字样而与众不同。
再往里走,有一座石质旱桥连着,犹如城门的吊桥,下面就是护城河。过了护城河,有一座石门,才是故居正门,上书“大潜山房”四个大字。
刘铭传,字省三,自号大潜山人,因排行第六、脸上有麻点,人称刘六麻子,安徽合肥(今肥西大潜山麓)人,清朝末期淮军重要将领,洋务派代表人物,台湾省首任巡抚。
其门口对联是“解甲归田乐,清时旧垒闲”。刘铭传一生多次辞官归隐,又多次起赴重任。这就是其真实写照。
故居是在他功成名就之际所建。现存的古建筑达两千多平米。沿着山门中轴一字排开,被一圈护城河紧紧包围,俨然就是一个时刻准备打仗的堡垒。中轴两边,依次有南门楼、北更楼、盘亭、西洋楼、钢叉楼、大岛读书房,这些建筑中西合璧,有中式也有西式。
其中影响深刻的有两座楼。西洋楼,造型西式,外面一圈围墙,独自成院。院门一颗广玉兰高大挺拔。楼门紧锁着,我们不得而入。从外面看,门窗成花型,镶嵌其中的是琉璃玻璃五颜六色,一看就是西洋风格,反映着主人海纳四方的胸怀。
还有就是钢叉楼,矗立在正门一侧,基座成方形,高高耸立,远看就像一个大桶楼,好似一个瞭望塔,随时提防着外敌。
据说这里曾经常年有兵丁把守,武器日夜不离身。可见作为将帅主人的忧患意识。
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《台湾巡抚刘铭传》剧照
身处清末,内外交困,风雨飘摇,内有捻军太平军风起云涌,外有列强环伺左右。
刘铭传出身行伍,当年募兵团练,组成铭字营,后又投效淮军。曾赴沪平叛剿捻,再后赴台抗法,屡立功勋。从团练到淮军,从直隶提督,到首任台湾巡抚……
1883年,中法战争爆发。刘铭传虽已解甲归田,然而在乡间隐居多年却愤然而起,被清政府任命为督办台湾事务大臣,筹备抗法,不久又授福建巡抚,加兵部尚书衔。
1884年6月,法国侵略者把战火烧到台湾海面,他当即上了一道《遵筹整顿海防讲求武备折》,慷慨主战。
6月26日,清廷下诏,命刘铭传督办台湾军务,就在同一天,法国政府下令将驻越南的东京湾舰队和南中国海舰队混合编组,成立一支特遣舰队。
7月16日,刘铭传抵达基隆,第二天即巡视要塞炮台,检查军事设施,并增筑炮台、护营,加强台北防务。
在他到达基隆的第15天,战争就爆发了。在他的坚决抗法指挥下,中国军民英勇抵抗,法国侵占台湾的战争终以失败告终。
1885年(光绪十一年),清廷任命刘铭传为首任台湾省巡抚。在台湾,他修铁路,开煤矿,创办电讯,改革邮政,发展航运事业,促进台湾贸易,发展教育事业,促进台湾近代工商业的发展,台湾防务也日益巩固。
1890年(光绪十六年),刘铭传因通商口岸税务问题坚决抵制外商无理要求,后又在基隆煤矿招商承办上,遭到顽固派官僚的激烈反对和清廷的严厉申斥,忧病交加,被迫向清廷提出辞呈。
刘铭传是怀着忧郁之心,离开他苦心经营7年之久的宝岛,颓然回归故里。
中日甲午战争爆发后,清军溃败,不久《马关条约》签订的消息传来,刘铭传得知自己苦心耕耘的台湾省被割让给日本,忧思郁结,口吐鲜血,溘然长逝。
|徽剧《刘铭传》剧照
然而历史总是这样有趣。尽管如此,他的治台策略与理念,仍然为日据时期总督府承续。现在的台湾还有铭传大学,就连2016年中华台湾当局向美国购买二艘护卫舰,还命名为“铭传”与“逢甲”,以纪念清末首任台湾巡抚刘铭传与抗日名将丘逢甲。
不知道这两艘舰艇是否还在承担抵御外敌的使命?
刘铭传对于近代以来的我国台湾影响深远,可以说没有刘铭传,就没有如今台湾的现代化。台湾著名诗人、史学家连横在《台湾通史》中评价刘铭传“溯其功业,足与台湾不朽”“倡淮旅,练洋操,议铁路,建台省,实创中国未有之奇”“台湾三百年间,吏才不少,而能立长治久策者,厥维两人:曰陈参军永华、曰刘巡抚铭传。”
刘铭传是台湾现代化建设的先驱者,被誉为台湾洋务运动之父和台湾近代化之父。
据说刘铭传早年仅读过五年私塾,但是在军旅生涯中苦读诗书,还刊印了一部《大潜山房诗抄》,被誉为“马背诗人”。光绪帝师翁同龢(hé)称他为“武臣中之名士”。只要看看他在山房中诸多门联和文字,就知道他的苦读和内心世界。
你看他的书房门头是“中流一柱”,门口对联是“倚枕久游来眼底,掩书余味在胸中”。他堪称中流砥柱,但皆成历史。
在他“宫保第”门口有对联,上书:“众峰环拱受约束,万象纵横不系留”。他虽功勋卓著,但也架不住清末的混乱时代和无能的朝廷。
在他最里间的“地灵人杰”,门口有“闻道鸡鸾满台门,欲使珠璧栖穷乡”。还有在他的“嵚崎磊落”匾额处有两幅对联——
外一幅是“鹤去难回留片石孤云共参因果,我来何幸有英雄儿女同看江山”;
内一幅是“直道平生幸得江山之助,仁风大化乐参天地之禅”。
这些都是他跌宕人生的真切感悟。
时势造英雄,刘铭传身于乱患,出入行伍,很多时候也是身不由己。或许在血雨腥风、搏命杀敌之后,静心文字才是抚慰心灵的良方吧。这些在他归隐山林后的文字,与他形如堡垒似的宅第,形成一种对比,更是一种隐喻。以致于连他的读书地,还特地在大宅内挖出一大块湖泊与湖心岛,岛上建造“大岛读书房”。
每每读书,必先摇撸登岛。大岛者,分明就是他心中的台湾岛。即使在身处江淮家乡,也终系战场,心心念念的还是他收复的江山,以及他治理下的宝岛。
看到这些我想,每一个到这里游历的人们,一定会不负刘铭传至死不渝的情思。
百年之后,人已逝,事难平。无论是风雨阳光,都早已隐入到这片宁静、葱郁的乡村山水中。
刘铭传和其他历史人物一样,似尘封多年的古书,静待后人翻阅,更是埋土许久的陈酿,等待有缘人来品鉴。一切过往,对后人都是一笔财富。历经弥久,时时警示着后人,要认真去了解那些曾经的惊心动魄,曾经的呕心沥血,曾经的念念不忘,从中汲取出世入世的智慧、经验和教训。
No.5687 原创首发文章| 徐俊亮
开白名单 duanyu_H|图片 视觉中国
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#06ae56;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]{--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: #000;--weui-FG-HALF: #000;--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .42);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #dc3636;--weui-ORANGERED: #d14730;--weui-ORANGE: #e17719;--weui-YELLOW: #bb8e00;--weui-GREEN: #4f8400;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #2e8800;--weui-BRAND: #018942;--weui-BLUE: #007dbb;--weui-INDIGO: #0075e2;--weui-PURPLE: #6265f1;--weui-WHITE: #fff;--weui-LINK: #576b95;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #06ae56;--weui-FG: 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#202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, 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rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}
div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}