1949年4月23日,人民解放军占领南京,宣告了国民党统治终结。
毛主席心情久久不能平静,思接楚汉之争,挥毫写下《七律·人民解放军占领南京》的著名诗篇。
全诗寓意十分深切,气象十分恢宏,格调十分崇高,“是纪念南京解放、庆祝革命胜利的万古不磨的丰碑。”
但很少有人知道的是,这首诗是毛主席的秘书从废纸篓里捡回来的,那么,毛主席当时为什么“扔了”这首诗,这里面又包含着怎样的故事呢?
《七律·人民解放军占领南京》
钟山风雨起苍黄,百万雄师过大江。
虎踞龙盘今胜昔,天翻地覆慨而慷。
宜将剩勇追穷寇,不可沽名学霸王。
天若有情天亦老,人间正道是沧桑。
清楚了这首诗的时代背景后,诗中的意境就如同一幅画面自然铺展开来:
这场解放南京的战争,犹如钟山的风雨,一起苍黄,洗涤了南京的旧迹,使石头城发生了根本的变化。为什么会有这样的苍黄变化呢?因为人民解放军渡过了长江。
虎踞龙盘的南京,今天已归民庶,形胜更胜从前。这样天翻地覆的变化,能不使天下人激昂、泪下吗?
中国革命已经大定,穷寇莫追、沽名钓誉,还还是剩余勇而追穷寇?
毛主席十分果断地决定,“将革命进行到底”,“不可沽名学霸王”。
诗人以革命家之气概,回顾了当年楚项霸王之教训:灭亡了秦国,进入了咸阳后,分封诸侯,最后导致自刎乌江的惨痛结局。
诗的尾联,毛主席笔锋一转,以“天若有情天亦老,人间正道是沧桑”一联,为这首傲视千秋而又警示万古之笔煞律,令人一唱三叹。
全诗风雷磅礴,豪气盖世,意境宏阔,充分显示了崇高美和阳刚美的审美特征。
不过,就是这样的一首经典作品,我们险些就看不到了。
当时,毛主席得知中国解放军以摧古拉朽之势占领南京的喜讯后,兴奋异常,诗兴盎然。
他当即挥毫泼墨,在宣纸上一气呵成“钟山风雨起苍黄,百万雄师过大江……”这首脍炙人口的名诗。
但毛主席写完后,觉得不太满意,就随手把诗稿扔进了身边的纸篓里。
秘书田家英是个有心人,他小心翼翼地把这快要攥成团儿的诗稿重新摊平,如珍宝一样地保存起来,还高兴地对夫人说:“这是纸篓里捡来的国宝。”
1963年12月,人民出版社想要为毛主席的诗词结集出版。
在《毛主席诗词》这本集子时,田家英就拿出了14年前从纸篓里捡来的诗稿件,交给毛主席核实。
毛主席自己都不记得写过这首诗了,他读过后如旧友重逢一般,哈哈大笑道:“哦,我还写过这么一首诗?写得还可以,收进去吧!”
这样,这首早就面世、本该早就和读者见面的史诗,由于田家英的有心收藏和精心保存,才得以走向读者,成为广为流传的毛主席名篇之一。
这首《七律·人民解放军占领南京》的艺术价值很高,其中的一个特点是用典很多,而且极其精妙。
“钟山风雨起苍黄”这句,用到了两个典故:
「钟山」是山名,在南京城东面,山势险峻,蜿蜒如龙,因山上多为紫色页岩层,阳光照耀时,远望浮金耀紫,故也被称为紫金山,这里指代南京。
「苍黄」通“苍皇”,意为突然、急遽的样子。唐代杜甫《新婚别》:“誓欲随君去,形势反苍黄。”
「虎踞龙盘」也是一个典故。
三国时,诸葛亮看到吴国都城建业(今南京市南部)的地势曾说:“钟山龙盘,石头虎踞,此帝王之宅。”
后人诗词中,常用“虎踞龙盘”形容南京地势的雄伟险要,或用来代指南京城。
「慨而慷」,即慷慨。因为押韵的需要颠倒语序,“而”是连词,连接“慨”和“慷”。意思是感慨而激昂。东汉曹操《短歌行》:“慨当以慷,忧思难忘。”
“宜将剩勇追穷寇”中的「穷寇」也是典故。
《孙子兵法·军争篇》中说:“穷寇勿迫,此用兵之法也。”
毛主席在这里一反古来用兵之道,告诫乘胜追击,切勿给敌人喘息的机会。
“不可沽名学霸王”中的「霸王」,指西楚霸王项羽。
毛主席坚持认为,项羽真正惨痛的教训,在于对险恶之敌的放纵,划鸿沟东西分治,最终导致惨败。
许多历史经验都说明,在关键的历史时刻,如果不能在已有的胜利基础上戒骄戒躁,坚持艰苦奋斗,就可能前功尽弃,甚至走向灭亡。
「天若有情天亦老」,是唐代李贺的诗句,主席用在这里,完全赋予了崭新的意义。
天就是指自然规律,自然规律是不以人的意志为转移的。
若是天也有了情欲,以感情用事,沽名钓誉起来,那么天也就会老朽了。
“人间正道是沧桑”中,「沧桑」是“沧海桑田”的简称,出自晋代葛洪写的《神仙传》,麻姑说,自从我们上次会见之后,东海已经三次变为桑田。后用来比如喻自然或社会变化。
纵观全诗,八句诗用了八个典故,数量之多,用典之妙,令人叹为观止。
不过,这首诗更大的成功之处,在于气度恢弘。
看那看“钟山风雨”、“百万雄师”、“虎踞龙盘”、“天翻地覆”,都是大天、大地、大风雨、大场面,这一切尽收于诗人的眼底心中,如果没有“第一等学识”、“第一等襟抱”,岂能有此“第一等真诗”。
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#07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) 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59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--discussInput-BG: rgba(255, 255, 255, .03)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--nickName-FG: #959595}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 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.05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{--articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0;padding:0}.rich_media_content *{max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box!important;word-wrap:break-word!important}.rich_media_content p{clear:both;min-height:1em}td p{margin:0;padding:0}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]) .rich_media_content img:not(.wx_img_placeholder){filter:brightness(.8)}}
div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}